Term
| T/F. neurons are dependent on anaeronic metobolism. |
|
Definition
| FALSE. they are very dependent on aerobic metablism and glucose |
|
|
Term
| after ______ of no blood flow to brain we become unconscious. After ________ irreversible damage or death occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What things cause vasodilation and subsequent increase in cerebral blood flow? |
|
Definition
| Acidosis/hydrogen ion concentration (most), hypercapnia, and hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain are most sensitive to hypoxia? |
|
Definition
| hippocampus and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
A) how much blood flow does the cerebrum require?
B)How much will be in the brain at any given time? |
|
Definition
A) 750 mL/min.
B)100-150 mL |
|
|
Term
A) What vessel(s) supply the anterior portion of the brain?
B) What vessels supply the posterior? |
|
Definition
A) left and right internal carotid arteries (250 mL each)
B) Basilar artery (250 mL) |
|
|
Term
| what lobes make up the anterior and posterior portions of the brain? |
|
Definition
Anterior= frontal, parietal, temporal
Posterior= occipital and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
A) how much blood does the average brain receive per 100 grams of brain tissue?
B)The intracranial circulating pool turn overy _____ times per minute |
|
Definition
A) ~55 mL/min
B)5-7 (100-150 mL x 5-7 = ~750 mL/min) |
|
|
Term
| What is the reason people don't typically survive a massive cerebral infarction? |
|
Definition
| they involve the cortex and brain stem which harbor most of the regulatory functions |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the CNS and PNS? |
|
Definition
CNS= brain and spinal cord
PNS= ALL nerves (cranial and spinal) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the CNS and PNS? |
|
Definition
CNS= controls everything
PNS= conducts impulses from receptors to CNS and from CNS to effectors |
|
|
Term
| T/F. nerve impulses can only travel in ONE direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain receives ___% of CO and consumes ____% of total oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain receives ___% of CO and consumes ____% of total oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A) cerebral blood flow of less than ____ mL/100g brain tissue/min will result in ischemia
B) cerebral blood flow of less than ____ mL/100g brain tissue/min will result in infarction
C) cerebral blood flow of less than ____ mL/100g brain tissue/min will result in massive infarction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
What can neurons do that no other cell in the body can do (with the exception of autorhythmic cells in the heart)? |
|
Definition
neuron
generate an action potential |
|
|
Term
| do neurons contain centrioles? |
|
Definition
| no because they do not undergo mitosis and reproduce |
|
|
Term
| true or false. impulses CANNOT come from the axon to the body (soma) of the neuron within the same neuron. |
|
Definition
| TRUE. they can if it is going from axon of one neuron to body of another neuron (axosomatic synapse) |
|
|
Term
| in myelinated neurons there are segments of interruption in the sheath known as _________. What is their function |
|
Definition
| nodes of Ranvier. important in case an axon wants to synapse with another axon (axoaxonic synapse) |
|
|
Term
| what causes release of neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| binding of calcium to synaptic vesicle |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of glial cells (neuroglia) and what is their function? |
|
Definition
CNS
1. Astrocytes- maintain blood-brain barrier, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
2. oligodendrocytes- myelinate axons of the CNS, provide structural framework
3. microglia- remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens via phagocytosis
4. ependymal cells- line ventricles in brain and central canal of spinal cord and assist in producing, circulating and monitoring CSF
PNS
1. satellite cells- surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
2. schwann celss- surround all axons in PNS. myelination of axons in PNS |
|
|
Term
| T/F. since we dont have lymphatic tissues in the CNS, the glial cells act as lymphatic system of CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. brain tumors are the result of an increase in reproduction of neurons. |
|
Definition
| False. Neurons dont reproduce. brain tumors originate from glial cells |
|
|
Term
| T/F. All tumors of the brain are considered malignant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the brain we dont have veins we have __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the parts of the telencephalon?
What are the parts of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
Telencephalon- cerebral cortex and basal ganglia/nuclei
Diencephalon- anything with the word thalamus in it (thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus) |
|
|
Term
| what is the mesencephalon and myelencephalon and metencephalon? |
|
Definition
mesencephalon- midbrain/brain stem
myelencephalon- medulla oblongata
metencephalon- pons and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
where is the pneumotaxic center located?
Where is the apneustic center and center where most resp functions located? |
|
Definition
in the Pons
in the medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| Where is the action potential/nerve impulse started? |
|
Definition
| right at the beginning of the axon where it meets the soma |
|
|
Term
| what are the lobes of the brain and their general functions? |
|
Definition
2 frontal- motor (also aggression)
2 parietal- sensory
2 temporal- integration and special sensory functions (hearing, taste)
2 occipital- vision |
|
|
Term
| what are the lobes of the brain and their general functions? |
|
Definition
2 frontal- motor
2 parietal- sensory
2 temporal- integration and special sensory functions (hearing, taste)
2 occipital- vision |
|
|
Term
A) what separates the two hemispheres of the brain?
B) what separates the frontal lobes
from parietal?
C) what separates parietal from occipital?
D) what separates frontal and parietal from temporal? |
|
Definition
A) longitudinal fissure
B) central sulcus/fissure
C) parieto-occipital sulcus
D) lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) |
|
|
Term
_________ is the primary somatosensory cortex.
_________ is the primary motor cortex |
|
Definition
Post central gyrus
Precentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| _________ is the primary visual cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Any time a nerve impulse has to change direction (e.g. vertical to horizontal)it MUST cross a synapse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures comprise the basal ganglia/nuclei? |
|
Definition
| lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus (he also said these make up the corpus striatum) |
|
|
Term
| what structures comprise the lentiform nucleus? |
|
Definition
| putamen and globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
A) _______ fibers connect areas within the same lobe (sometimes different lobes, but always the same hemisphere)
B) ______ fibers connect areas within different hemispheres
C) _______ fibers are used to communicate upper and lower structures with each other |
|
Definition
A) Association
B) Commisural (such as corpus collosum)
C)projection |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures and functions of the limbic system?> |
|
Definition
amygdala- aggression, jealousy, fear
cingulate gyrus- autonomic functions regulating HR and BP
Fornicate gyrus- region encompassing the cingulate, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyri
hippocampus- long term memories
hypothalamus- regulates ANS via hormones
mamillary body- important for memory
nucleus accumbens- reward, pleasure, and addiction
orbitofrontal cortex- decision making
parahippocampal gyrus- spatial memory |
|
|
Term
| what sense has a very close connection with the limbic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A) where is CSF produced?
B) describe the flow of CSF starting in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles |
|
Definition
A) choroid plexus of lateral ventricles
B) from lateral ventricle, thru interventricular foramen (MONRO's foramen), to the third ventricle, thru the cerebral aqueduct (sylvian aqeuduct), to the fourth ventricle and down to the spinal cord by way of spinal canal (central canal) and will cross to the subarachnoid space. It then returns to the convexity of the cranium where it is reabsorbed by villi |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/w communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
hydrocephalus can happen from occlusion of Monro's foramen or sylvian aqeuduct in which the CSF cannot communicate from ventricles to subarachnoid space (NON-COMMUNICATING)
Or, if problem occurs with production or reabsorption after it gets to spinal cord it is a COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS |
|
|
Term
| Describe the blood flow to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vessels comprise the anterior circulation and account for ~80-85% of blood flow to brain? |
|
Definition
| L and R internal carotid arteries, L and R anterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| What vessel(s) supply the brainstem, cerebellum, and mesencephalon (midbrain)? |
|
Definition
| The basilar artery (only one) which is a branch of the R and L vertebral arteries |
|
|
Term
A) what artery is used if you need to shunt blood from right hemisphere to left hemisphere and vice versa?
B) what artery is used to shunt blood from anterior and posterior circulation and vice versa? |
|
Definition
A) Anterior communicating artery
B) Posterior cerebral arteries (R and L) |
|
|
Term
| What arteries comprise the circle of willis? |
|
Definition
| the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (bilaterally), right and left posterior communicating arteries, and the anterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| Most strokes happen in a territory supplied by what artery? Why? |
|
Definition
| Middle cerebral artery, because it branches into the lenticulostriate artery which supplies the internal capsule. |
|
|
Term
| what fibers are surgically cut to alleviate seizure activity in severe epileptics? |
|
Definition
| commissural fibers (corpus collosum) |
|
|
Term
A) where is dopamine produced?
B)What neurotransmitters are involved with Parkinson's |
|
Definition
A) Substantia Nigra
B) a decreased production of dopamine and a normal production of acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
A) what are the two types of corticospinal tracts?
B)the lateral corticospinal tract is also known as what? |
|
Definition
A)lateral corticospinal and anterior (ventral) corticospinal
B)pyramidal tract |
|
|
Term
| T/F. The corticospinal tracts cross at the medulla. |
|
Definition
| FALSE. Only the lateral one does. The anterior does not, it crosses at the level of the spinal cord segment. |
|
|
Term
| What are upper and lower motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| upper motor neuron originates the fiber in the cortex and sends impulse to spinal cord, lower motor neuron receives the impulse after the synapse and sends it to the motor effector |
|
|
Term
A)what is the final destination for somatic sensory pathways?
B)why is it called spinothalamic tract instead of spinocortical tract if the post central gyrus is the final destination? |
|
Definition
A)post central gyrus
B)because the tract ends in the thalamus and the thalamus sends the final impulse to the post central gyrus of the cortex |
|
|
Term
How many types of stimuli can a sensory receptor detect?
T/F. sensory receptors are transducers |
|
Definition
ONLY ONE. e.g. a receptor for pain won't be stimulated by ANY OTHER stimuli
TRUE |
|
|
Term
A) sensory receptors are usually somewhere on the surface of our body and they detect stimuli. Where is the FIRST sensory neuron?
B)T/F. all sensory (somatic) spinal fibers MUST go to a ganglion before getting to the spinal cord |
|
Definition
A) Dorsal root ganglion also called pre-ganglion. NOT in the spinal cord.
B)TRUE |
|
|
Term
| explain the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway |
|
Definition
It is a sensory pathway for deep pressure, vibration, and tactile info.
The first sensory neuron is in the dorsal root ganglia and the axon (from the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus) goes up ipsilaterally (terminate at the gracile and cuneate nuclei in medulla) and synapses with the second neuron in the medulla oblongata. The axon of this second neuron crosses to the other side of the medulla (now it is the "medial lemniscus"). Goes up this side and synapses with the third neuron in the thalamus. From the thalamus it goes to to the post central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| explain the anterior and lateral corticospinal tract pathway. |
|
Definition
transmits sensory information from pain, temperature, and superficial pressure.
first sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglia. The axon enters the spinal cord and immediately crosses (for test purposes) to the other side of the spinal cord and synapses with the second sensory neuron in the spinal cord. It goes up the same side and synapses at the thalamus. From here it reaches its destination in the post central gyrus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cranial nerve I
Sensory;
carries impulses for Smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cranial nerve II
Sensory;
carries impulses for vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN III
Motor;
innervates extrinsic muscles of the eye EXCEPT the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN IV. Also called the pathetic nerve. It is motor;
innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye to look down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN V
Both sensory and motor;
innervates all sensory impulses from face (sensory) and contains motor fibers for chewing (motor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN VI
motor;
innervates lateral rectus muscle of eye to abduct it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN VII
both sensory and motor;
sensory= taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
motor= innervates muscles for facial expression |
|
|
Term
| vestibulocochlear (acoustic) nerve |
|
Definition
CN VIII
Sensory;
vestibular portion=equilibrium
cochlear portion= hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN IX
both sensory and motor;
sensory- taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue
motor- innervates muscles involved in deglutition (swallowing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN X
Both sensory and motor
sensory- transmits sensory impulses from the viscera (internal organs)
motor- cardiac function, GI motility, secretion. It is THE MOST IMPORTANT nerve in the parasympathetic area.
75% of all the parasympathetic fibers in the body are in the vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN XI
Motor;innervates muscles of neck and upper portion of shoulder (traps) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN XII
Motor;
innervates extrinsic muscles of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Are the centers that regulate the ANS in the CNS or PNS? |
|
Definition
| CNS- they are basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
T/F. The ANS is ALWAYS involuntary.
T/F. The ANS is ALWAYS unconscious. |
|
Definition
True
False. It is most of the time but not always |
|
|
Term
| T/F. ALL organs in the body have both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. sympathetic stimulates parasympathetic and vice versa. |
|
Definition
| FALSE. They OPPOSE eachother, they don't STIMULATE each other |
|
|
Term
A) Where are the sympathetic control centers located?
B) Where are the parasympathetic ones located? |
|
Definition
A) In the sympathetic nuclei of the thoracic portion of the spinal cord
B) above and below the sympathetic ones (like a sandwich) in the cervical and lumbosacral areas |
|
|
Term
| Where are the ganglia for parasympathetic and sympathetic tracts? |
|
Definition
sympathetic- very close to the spinal cord
parasympathetic- far from spinal cord, sometimes in the wall of the structure to be innervated |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Both symp. and parasymp. divisions MUST go to pre- and post-ganglionic fibers before arriving to the effector. |
|
Definition
| TRUE. The sympathetic will have short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic fibers whereas the parasympathetic will have the opposite (all due to location of the ganglion in relation to the "control center") |
|
|
Term
| ALL pre-ganglionic fibers in the ANS are _________ and therefore use _______ as the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
| cholinergic; acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| Post-ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division of ANS are ________ and use _______ as the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
| cholinergic; acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division of the ANS are (mostly) _________ and use ___________ as the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
| adrenergic; epinephrine or norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system are cholinergic? |
|
Definition
|
|
