-union of text and music

-one mood or affection per movement/piece

-love

-hate

-sorrow

-joy

-wonder

-desire

Added major and minor scales

-tonal

continuous bass

2-performers

monody (no such thing as homophony)

solo voice with intrumental accompaniment

Florentine Camerata

Vincenzo Galilei

Giulio Caccini

Jacopo Peri

Opera Components

-Recitative

-Aria

-Ensemble

-Chorus

-Overture/sinfonia

recitative

(Stile rappresentativo)

-secco

-accompagnato

secco- only basso continuo accompanies voice

accompagnato-accompanied by orchestra

solo song of highly emotional character

does not advance the plot

Early opera in Italy

(Composer)

-famous work

Claudio Monteverdi

 (1567-1643)

The Coronation of Poppea

Opera in England

leading composer

famous work

Henry Purcell

(1659-95)

Dido and Aeneas (1689)

Cantata

4 part harmony with soprano voice given the choral tune

(cantionale)

-woven into the movements

i don't even know

1685-1750

-wrote 500-600 cantatas

-usually 5-8 movements

-many movements based on chorale tune

-several choral numbers

aaB

Large-scale vocal work perfromed by solo voices, chorus and orchestra

-not staged

-same components as opera otherwise

oratorio composers

George Frideric Handel

Messiah (1742)

-sonata de camera (chamber)

 (uses dances)

-sonata de chiesa (church)

2 solos and Basso Continuo

How many movements in a Sonata?

4

slow fast slow fast

2 masses of sound opposed to each other

usually instrumental

1.  Solo Concerto

Large group (orchestra, ripieno, tutti) and soloist

2.  Concerto Grosso

Large group (orchestra, ripieno, tutti) and small group (concertino)

3 movements

fast, slow, fast

I and III are most important

 both use ritornello form

ritornello (ripieno)

episode (solo/concertino)

ritornello

episdoe

ritornello

cadenza befor end

1678-1741

The four seasons

-4 solo violin concertos

-each accompanied by poem (program music)

-music depcts specific lines in poem

no cresecendos/ decrescendos

terraced dynamics

German dance in duple simple meter

at a moderato tempo

French dance in triple simple

meter at a moderato tempo

Sarabande

Spanish dance in triple simple meter at

an adagio tempo

(Jig)

an English dance in duple compound meter at an allegro tempo

-overture (optional)

-other dances (usually added between the sarabande and gigue)

a. minuet

b. gavotte

c.  bourree

d.  passepied

e. hornpipe*

-Usually binary or ternary structure with each part repeated

-on the repeat the melody is to be embellished

-often times part I of the structure will modulate from the home key to a contrasting key (dominant or relative minor) then back to tonic in part II

1735-1805

music for music's sake

Classic qualities

-diversion- chamber ensemble for light entertainment

-Mozart

The String Quartet

Prominant Composer

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

The Classical Orchestra

Strings

-violin 1-4 players

-violin 2-4 players

-viola-2 players

-Violoncello and Double bass- 4 players total

Woodwinds

flutes -2

oboe-2

Brass

Horn-2

Trumpet-2

Percussion

Timpani

Ended the classical era

-made musicianship a respectable art form

overture

recitative (half spoken half sung-starts drama)

aria

ensembles

Opera seria- serious opera, sung all the way

Opera Buffa/Opera Comique/ Ballad Opera-

comic opera can have spoken word

singspiel- forerunner of the musical

died at 35- assited by Lorenzo da Ponte

operas-

La nozze de Figaro (1786)

Don Giovanni (don Juan) (1787)

Cosi fan Tutte (1790)