Term
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Definition
"MISSHAPEN"
UNBALANCED MUSIC
NOT AS SYMMETRICAL
LOTS OF ORNAMENTATION
MANY PARALLELISMS TO JAZZ |
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Term
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Definition
LIKE AN ORATORIO
PERFORMED DURING HOLY WEEK (Good Fri.)
soloists are story characters
vocal with instrumental accompaniment
Bach's: St. John, St. Matthew
(Bach's St. Mark is missing) |
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Term
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Definition
Biblical text
similar to unstaged opera
liturgical
Caririssimi called his oratorios "concertato motets"
popularized during Handel's time because it was cheaper to perform than operas |
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Term
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Definition
literally Italian for "work"
Florentine Camerata invented it - monody style ("Daphne" or "Orfeo"
mythical stories set to music, love stories, historical, staged
sung throughout with instrumental interludes called "sinfonias"
earliest: there are Chorus sections, solo or conversation sections (aria and recitative like)...text is most important...no theaters, performed in big rooms, usually for weddings. |
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Term
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Definition
literally means "sung"
Secular subject (except Bach's were religious)
tells a story in strophic form
early: use poetry or story
for solo voice and basso continuo, short (3-10 min) and not heavily ornamented
after 1700, later:
pattern is recit-aria (alternating)
through composed, no clear sections
Bach- wrote sacred ones based on chorale tunes, only 60% survive, librettist(s) unknown, in Leipzig he tried to write 60 each year, in Weimar he tried to write one a month (Ger cantata) Secular-lost many, concert series in coffee house for the Collegium Musicum
Handel (Ger cantata)
Telemann wrote 1100+ (Ger cantata)
Heinchen (Ger cantatas)
Hasse(Ger cantatas)
Boismortier & Rameau (French cantatas)
A. Scarlatti-wrote 600 (It cantatas)
Stradella (It cantatas) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 vocal soloists plus one instrumental soloist (usually) |
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Term
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Definition
SLOW - FAST - SLOW
overdotted fugal overdotted
(usually precede a French opera) |
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Term
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Definition
single solo vocal line with simple accompaniment (early Baroque)
Caccini and Monteverdi ("Orfeo" is an example
c. 1600 -opposite of Renaissance polyphony
Florentine Camerata credited with the birth of this idea |
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Term
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Definition
| found in MADRIGALS (late Renaissance) |
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Term
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Definition
group in Florence Italy made up of composers, poets, musicians, artists, and scientists - idealized the ancient Greeks
met in home of Count Bardi
Galileo's father was a lute player and a member
started opera
Caccini (Daphne) and Peri (Orfeo) were members |
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Term
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Definition
| combination between a copyright and a monopoly given by the king, usually in France. Lully had a royal privileged for opera. |
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Term
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Definition
| pholyphonic, word painting, Monteverdi, secular, vocal, usually short |
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Term
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Definition
literally "choirs in space"
split choirs, poly choral, stereo, included both vocal and instrumental playing "colla parte" doubling the voices
Gabrielli - Venice |
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Term
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Definition
Aria: ornamented, monologue, reacting, thinking, mourning...music: melodic, thicker accompnaiment, ritornellos, instrumental interludes. Elaborate song with instrumental accompaniment intended for reflection.
Recitative: sung speech, thin accompaniment, held notes, cadences (many), moves the plot forward, easily understood, simple accompaniment |
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Term
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Definition
ABA Aria
A. Scarlatti invented and put them in cantatas and operas
Final A section is ornamented |
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Term
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Definition
| unethical surgery was performed on young boys to make their voices high and satisfy the Baroque Italian craving for treble sounds. Women couldn't participate in church or stage except in Venice...Italian, early 1600s on |
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Term
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Definition
tutti sandwiching an ensemble of soloists
alternating sections (ritornello) by orchestra and solo group.
Bach's Brandenberg Concertos Corelli Christmas Concerto Form:
-ORCHESTRA -
-SOLO GROUP-
- ORCHESTRA-
- SOLO GROUP-
- ORCHESTRA-
(can have as many sections as composer wants but must start and end with orchestra Orchestra: ritornellos (same thing each time, though sometimes slightly different...more about motives than a large theme) |
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Term
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Definition
The Musical Offering by Bach: instructions were in riddles, inspired by Fredrick the Great, Prussia
Crab: two players, one reads from each end and play in opposite directions
Puzzle: play them upside down, backwards, in a mirror, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Orchestra ritornellos interspersed with solos...
Vivaldi, Corelli, & Albinoni. Torelli wrote 2. Started in Italy. common solo instruments were: woodwind, brass, keyboard, violin and cello.
Vivaldi influenced Telemann and Bach & his sons in terms of concerto genre which later influenced concertos of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.
Became standardized by 1720s... |
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Term
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Definition
| solo sonatas, trio sonatas, concerto grosso and a lot for the violin since he played it. Bach studied Corelli and arranged his pieces. |
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Term
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Definition
| bass line (lute, theorbo, harpsichord, organ)...usually played by one chordal instrument and one solo bass instrument playing from figured bass. ("Rhythm section") |
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Term
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Definition
(organ) imitative, filler, contrapuntal, improvised, virtuosic
strictly keyboard form |
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Term
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Definition
subject/answer
strict form w/ imitation
Bach was the master |
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Term
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Definition
like a toccatta, imitative form, contrapuntal (organ)
early Baroque
literally "to search out"
serve a preludial function to search out a key or motif
early kind of fugue of a serious character and long note values |
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Term
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Definition
based on choral hymns, GERMANY
chorale: set up the congregation to sing
fantasy: was longer and highly ornamented |
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Term
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Definition
literally "to sound"
usually in binary form: ABAB
first referred to instrumental music as opposed to the word "cantata"
trio sonata is 2 violins and basso continuo
early: da chiesa (church) & da camera (chamber/home) |
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Term
| Who was the first person to title their piece a sonata? (Bonus question) |
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Definition
Giovanni Gabrielli
(sonata pianoforte-first to use word "sonata," first to mark dynamics, and first to specify what instrument played what.) |
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Term
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Definition
church type of sonata
slow-fast-slow-fast
(no dance movements because not dancing in church) |
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Term
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Definition
chamber sonata or home sonata-
dance movements (or "suites")
-gigue, sarabande, courante, bouree, minuet, prelude, allamande, polonaise, gavotte |
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Term
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Definition
"suite de dances" ordered set of instrumental or orchestral pieces normally performed in a concert setting rather than as accompaniment Froberger founder of suite form: four DANCE movements, usually: Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Gigue |
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Term
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Definition
* Prelude
* Allemande - Literally translates from French as the word 'German'. It is a stately German dance with a meter of 4/4.
* Courante or Corrente - A Courante is a lively French dance in 3/4 time, Italian dance in quick 3/4.
* Sarabande - A Sarabande is a slow, stately Spanish dance in 3/4 time.
* Intermezzi - This section consists of two to four dances at the discretion of the composer that may include a Minuet, Bouree, Polonaise, and/or a Gavotte.
* Gigue or giga - The Gigue or 'Jig' originates in England, and is a fast dance, normally with a meter of 6/8. The Italian giga is rarer than the gigue, and is faster with running passages over a harmonic basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| orchestral repetition before and after solo passages in a concerto or concerto grosso...always first and last and between each solo section...motivic!~ |
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Term
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Definition
tuning system which slightly compromises the pure intervals of just intonation in order to meet other requirements of the system
Well tempered-all keys can be used but some are more in tune than others
Even tempered- what we use modernly
Mean-tone tempered-used in Renaissance, tuned to perfect fifths, Pythagorian tuning, circle of fifths won't close |
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Term
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Definition
Italian vocal composer
1660-1725
ROME
spent time in Spain
wrote 600 cantatas
most involve one amateur singer as soloist
wrote 100 operas
good harpsichord player-but not as good as nephew Dominico...
credited with invented Da Capo Aria
wrote in STILE ANTICO - or "ancient style" -similar to prima prattica but earlier and about church music |
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Term
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Definition
| 1567-1643 Venice, Italy (starting in 1609) St. Mark's Cathedral His work transitioned the Renaissance into the Baroque wrote about: PRIMMA PRATTICA & SEGUNDA PRATTICA (he invented segunda prattica) Wrote "L'Orfeo" in Manchua 1609 - sung throughout with instrumental interludes called sinfonia. Either solo or conversational singing, with text most important. MONODY-no duets. Unlike the Greek myth, Monteverdi's ends happily because it was for a wedding. ALSO WROTE: The "Coronation of Poppea" Not a choirboy-unusual for most musicians published volumes of madrigals and motets |
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Term
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Definition
Renaissance
polyphonic
a capella
small groups (4-8 voices)
rigid dissonance rules
text not as important, harder to understand
word painting- think madrigals |
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Term
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Definition
Baroque
text most important
MONODY
doctrine of affections-idea of the music serving an assigned emotion
Caccini's Nuove Musiche-outlined Florentine Camerata's ideals for the segunda prattica, and the music they thought was performed by the ancient Greeks
greater freedom |
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Term
| Name the two major French opera composers of the Baroque who held royal privilidge. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1632-1687
Paris, France
worked for Louis XIV
directed 24 Violins of the King
originally for Italy...the most French Italian man ever. Changed name from Lulli to Lully when in 1661 he became a French citizen
Dancer, violinist, played guitar
collaborated with Moliere, they did "comic ballet"
Was given royal privilege for opera, but bought out the one for theater. In charge of all productions until his death.
Kept time by pounding stick on the ground---hit his foot and got gangrene causing his death.
Wrote an opera year for 10 yrs.
Works:
Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, comic opera
Armide
Phaeton
defined the French style first
"Lullian" |
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Term
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Definition
1619-1677
daughter of a poet and a courtesan (love child)
father took her with him to his Accademia where she performed her music
published 9 volumes of music in Venice using text from the poets at the Accademia
her writings are for solo singer and basso continuo
*early cantatas, eventually a nun, self-pulbished, traveled in mostly male social circles, Venice. |
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Term
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Definition
Wrote Italian operas but in London.
1685-1759
born Halle, Germany, lived in London
Italian style
repetition and sequence |
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Term
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Definition
1685-1750 WEIMAR 1708-1717
(keyboard music) COTHEN 1717-1723
(instrumental music) LEIPZIG 1723-1750
(vocal music) from a family of musicians educated in church schools- studying Latin, religion, and practical music Lutheran! walks to Lubeck to hear Buxteheude and stays for 3-6 months known as an amazing SIGHTREADER and KEYBOARD PLAYER, even as a teenager good at IMPROVISING! |
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Term
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Definition
periods of working life:
WEIMAR: THE KEYBOARD PERIOD
(1708-1717)
job: ORGANIST
wrote lots of organ music and and studies lots of Vivaldi. Lots of keyboard transcriptions for harpsichord and orchestra. (Lots of keyboard concerti.) Also studied Corelli and made it into FUGUE subjects.
Unhappy, jailed for breach of contact, left
COTHEN: THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD (1717-1723)
job: music director
Notebooks for Wilhelm Freidman, Anna Magdalena, Well-Tempered Clavier, Cello Suites, and Brandenburg Concertos written during this time.
1720-wife dies and is buried while on tour
1721-Marries Anna Magdalena
1723-Prince's new wife not a music fan, Bach gets bored and goes to Leipzig.
LEIPZIG: THE VOCAL PERIOD
(1723-1750)
job: music teacher
This is a step down in prestige, but more money and his kids can go to school. Telemann and Gropner passed up the job, Bach was their 3rd choice. Most of the sacred choral music and secular cantas for the Collegium Musicum composed at this time. Also got money for funeral music and weddings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bach Werche Verseichtnicht: attempted to be in chronological order (older editions had Schnieder numbers for some pieces) |
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Term
| missing works of J.S. Bach |
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Definition
St. Mark's Passion
Prince of Cothen's funeral
100 Cantatas
tons of Instrumental Music |
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Term
| Why have we heard Bach? Who started the new craze and with what piece and when? |
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Definition
| In the 1880s Felix Mendelssohn re-premiered St. Matthew's Passion and restarted the world hearing Bach. |
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Term
| Who wrote with amateur musicians in mind? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1659-1695
LONDON
only ENGLISH composer that was native!
early Baroque
did both Italian and French styles but in the English language
Dido and Aenas
SEGUNDA PRATTICA style
was organist at Chapel Royalle at Westminster and his title was officially "Composer for Violins" |
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Term
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Definition
1683-1764
PARIS, FRANCE
late Baroque
historical pastoral dramas
organist, harpsichordist, SECULAR MUSIC first, then SACRED MUSIC later
Wrote the "Treatise on Harmony" which sets out the ideas of major and minor keys, tonic and dominant, chord inversions, and basically what we now call music theory.
He was friends with La Pouplinier (The Sultan) who had a fancy house and hired Rameau and other musicians, poets, artists and wierdos to come party at his house called "The Menagerie." He was the early patron of RAMEAU!
1725-He saw an exhibition on Native Americans and it inspired him to write "Les Sauvages" (The Savages) then the opera "Les Indes" (Which we saw in class-Turkey Dance!) |
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Term
| Name EARLY Baroque composers and tell what country they are from: |
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Definition
| Gabrielli (Venice, IT), Caccini (Italy), Monteverdi (MANTUA, IT), SCHUTZ (Dresden, GER & Venice, IT), Carissimi (Rome, IT), Lully (Paris, FR), Charpentier (Paris, FR), Alessandro Scarlatti (Rome), Purcell (London). |
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Term
| Name LATE Baroque composers and tell what country they are from: |
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Definition
| Rameau (Paris, FR), Vivaldi (Venice, IT), J.S. Bach (Leipzig, GER), Domenico Scarlatti (Rome, IT & Spain), Handel (London, ENG), Strozzi (Venice, IT) |
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Term
| Name four types of KEYBOARDS prevalent in the Baroque period: |
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Definition
Harpsichord
Clavichord
Fortepiano
Organ |
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Term
| Name four Baroque forms that were keyboard works: |
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Definition
Chorale works
preludes
dances
fugue |
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Term
| List composers famous for their keyboard works: |
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Definition
Frescobaldi
Froberger
de Guerre
Buxtehude
Couperin
Rameau
J.S. Bach
Wanda Landowska |
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Term
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Definition
FRENCH ORGANIST !!!
EARLY (1583-1643)
Italian KEYBOARD composer
born in Ferrara
worked as an organist at St. Peter's in ROME
Wrote ricercars and fantasias.
1635-Published "Fiori musicali" (Musical flowers) about keyboard ornaments which Froberger and Bach both recopied by hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| GERMAN, originates SUITE (4 dance movements), played HARPSICHORD !!! 1616-1667 GERMAN Keyboard Composer Founder of the suite: wrote 12 suites in the 4 movements of : allemand, corurante, sarabande, and gigue. All of which were in binary form A (repeats) then B (repeats) Travelled a lot! So did his music! As far as other composers: everybody who was anybody heard him! |
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Term
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Definition
| 1665-1729 FRANCE Child prodigy her patron was Louis XIV wrote: harpsichord pieces, cantatas, opera-1st woman from France to have her opera put on by the Rocyal Academy Also a performer on the keyboard "girl Mozart" She is a first because she was PUBLISHED! Private concerts at home or in court. Her preludes called "unnotated" + = ornament =trill or a mordent |
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Term
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Definition
GERMAN, BACH WENT TO SEE HIM!!!
1637-1707
Lubeck, GERMANY
had to marry predecessor's daughter to get the job and IMPROVISE at the organ
(Handel and Bach passed on the job after meeting the daughter)
until the 1800s keyboard player's job was to improvise, he was good at it
started "ABENDMUSIK" concert series! Bach went to see one and didn't go home for 3-6 months. They were Sunday nights at Sunset - similar to Vespers but NOT a church service - attend like a public concert - new thing- music based on chorale tunes -touristy
Telemann and Bach later took these on.
SCHUTZ influenced BUXTEHUDE who influenced BACH |
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Term
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Definition
1668-1733
KEYBOARD - HARPSICHORD COMPOSER
wrote: "Pieces de Clavecin" - 4 books AND "ordres" (suite) dance movements
FRENCH but wrote in the ITALIAN style
published Italian trio sonatas under a pseudonym
royal privilidge to "self-publish" (usually hand written)
later "engraved" after he became famous
appointed organist to the King, bought into the lower levels of nobility, had a coat of arms
BRAHMS did a complete edition of Couperin.
Rickard Strauss, Debussy & Ravel - influenced by Couperin
wrote Treatise:"Art of playing the Harpsichord" |
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Term
| How are Rameau and Couperin similar |
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Definition
| both French, given royal privileges, and published 3 books of harpsichord works that are quite similar |
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Term
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Definition
1940s and 50s
CRAZY CAT HARPSICHORD LADY
POLISH
reintroduced the harpsichord...but a bad version of it! HAD A SUSTAIN PEDAL!
Recorded lots of BACH |
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Term
| Who are the three most prolific harpsichord composers? |
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Definition
Couperin
D. Scarlatti
Rameau |
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Term
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Definition
Collection of other tunes
(example: Bach's Academic Overture) |
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Term
| Explain the change in instrumental music that occurred in the Baroque period: |
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Definition
| viols and violins were competing |
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Term
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Definition
Heinrich Ignaz Biber
1644-1704
SALTZBURG, GER
worked for the Archbishop of Saltzburg
Pieces: Mystery Sonatas and Harmonie
Genres: Masses Requiums Motets
first to write solos for violin...
invented the 6th and 7th positions on the violin
employed multiple stops in polyphonic passages
mystery sonatas for church |
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Term
| Name some Baroque composers known for their instrumental output. |
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Definition
Biber
Castello/Marini
Corelli
Vivaldi
Telemann
Bach |
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Term
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Definition
Biagio Marini
1594-1663
Place:Italy (Brescia/Venice) with time in Brussels and Dusseldorf
Major work:sinfonias La Ponte and La Gardana, and the sonata La Orlandina, all for one violin with continuo
genres:madrigals with instruments, vocal works on sacred texts, sinfonias, sonatas, canzonas and dances, all for one or two violins and continuo |
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Term
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Definition
Dario Castello
c.1590-c.1658
Venice (worked & published)
St. Mark's: worked under under Monteverdi
Pieces: SONATE CONCERTATO IN STILE MODERNO
tranformed canzona to sonata
genres: motets and sonatas |
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Term
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Definition
Archangelo Corelli
1653-1713
born Italy, first success in Paris, then he went to Germany, then to Rome
worked for Electoral Prince of Bavaria
MOSTLY: ROME, Italy
genres: sonatas, trio sonatas, concerti grossi, and composes almost solely for violin
Major works: CHRISTMAS CONCERTO |
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Term
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Definition
Antonio Vivaldi
1678-1741
Place: Venice -St. Marks
"red priest"
was a priest
Major works: Four Seasons, Armida, lots of masses, Requiem
laid foundations of the modern concerto
famous for: violin technique and orchestration
worked at the Ospedale di Pieta AND the Theatre, AND St. Marks, AND sold concerti grossi, AND was a violinist AND a priest |
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Term
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Definition
| Georg Philip Telemann 1681-1767 GERMAN (Hamburg) most prolific composer of his time...wrote and published his own work worked writing music that amateurs could play started the Collegium Musicium that Bach later took over wrote 1100+ cantatas ran Kunau out of the Leipzig opera so that he could take over the group In Hamburg: composed 2 cantatas per week, started publishing his own work in a journal with subscribers, started a public concert series, ambassador for Province of Eisenach called ABENDMUSIK. Very wealthy - first successful music businessman in the modern sense. We have 3000 of his works, and C.P.E. Bach was his godson. |
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Term
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Definition
Meant "to sound" - no such thing as sonata form yet!
In the Baroque period, Giovanni Gabrielli was the first to use the word to title a piece, originally just meant instrumental music as opposed to sung.
Trio sonata is for two violins and basso continuo.
Sonata da chiesa is for the church, and sonata da camera is for the chamber or home.
Early sectional sonatas can be identified by a tempo change in the middle of the movement. |
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Term
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Definition
dance forms of four movements for instrumental ensemble
-allemande
-courante
-sarabande
-gigue |
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Term
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Definition
| solo for an instrument (or group of instruments) which is sandwiched between the orchestra playing motivic ritornellos. |
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Term
| Name 3 Baroque instrumental (non keyboard) forms |
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Definition
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Term
| Name four Baroque forms for keyboard music: |
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Definition
Chorale works
preludes
dances
fugue |
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Term
| Trends from 1600-1750s- Moving from the Early to LATE BAROQUE |
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Definition
less counterpoint (except with Bach)
polyphony - treble dominant
multisection works - multi-mvt works
simple melody - constant melodic material to be ornamented
church vs chamber - all the same
more specific instruments, idiomatic, more specific instructions in print
violin dominates and becomes a solo instrument
more keyboard sonatas
Italy only early Baroque to the northern countries (incl: Germany, London, and France) |
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Term
| Compare/contrast lives of the important late Baroque composers |
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Definition
Bach-wrote in all 3 genres, never left Germany, counterpoint, no opera (a teacher)
Handel-born in Germany, lived in Italy, then worked in England, wrote vocal, instrumental and keyboard works. Vivaldi-lived in Italy, was a priest, wrote for every genre, worked in St. Mark's, theatre, sold concerti grossi, and worked in the ospedale (a teacher) Telemann-lived mostly in Germany, published his own works, wrote extensively (lots of cantatas) and instrumental music, but not much keyboard music. Started public music concerts and supported himself with his music. |
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Term
| unique challenges and roles of keyboard and lute instruments in the Baroque era |
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Definition
| both basso continuo instruments, had to realize figured bass and function as rhythm section |
|
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Term
| how are Telemann and Bach alike/connected? |
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Definition
alike: German, Telemann was C.P.E. Bach's godson, both worked in Leipzig and with the Collegium Musicium
different: Telemann well known, Bach not well known in his lifetime only published his keyboard works |
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Term
| How are Bach/Vivaldi alike and different? |
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Definition
alike: wrote for all 3 genres, worked in churches, teachers, worked with children and music, very religious men,
different: Bach (German) & Vivaldi (Italian), Bach 20 kids, Vivaldi none, |
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Term
| Handel and Telemann, how are they alike and different |
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Definition
alike: both famous during their lifetimes, both made living from their music, both published a lot during their lifetimes, prolific output, both vocal and instrumental composers
different: Telemann was wealthy, Handel sometimes struggled with finances, Handel a keyboardist while Telemann a violinist |
|
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Term
| name two Baroque composers who were keyboardists |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name two late Baroque composers who were violinists |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Nationalistic differences of the Baroque |
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Definition
| Italian: treble dominant, Latin, castrasti, opera, highly ornamented, cori spezzati (Vivaldi /Corelli late, Monteverdi/Gabrielli early) French: single note ornamentation, royal control/privileges, dance forms, opera had more story emphasis than Italy, through composed operas without sections to distinguish aria/recit (Lully/Rameau - early, Couperin - late) German:church music in German, Schutz early, Bach/Telemann late England: Italian influenced, Purcell only native composer, Handel worked extensively but was in an Italian style |
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Term
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Definition
| Guarneri and Stradaverius making violins at this time treble dominated era so violins won out who made violin famous? Biber's early sectional sonatas, Castello, Marini, Corelli's popular trio sonatas, and Vivaldi 's violin concerti. Telemann wrote lots of unspecified works that can be played on violin. |
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Term
| Who is known for early sectional sonatas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who is known for popularizing trio sonatas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who is known for his violin concerti & concerti grossi? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| After 1650, instrumental music was sonata da camera or sonata da chiesa, what were sonatas before that like? |
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Definition
| SECTIONAL sonatas they had odd instrumentation (ex: violin, trombone, bassoon, and basso continuo) usually were not solo or trio yet...just sonatas early sonata composers: Marini, Biber, Legrenzi, and Castello |
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Term
| What type of music from the early Baroque made "all the parts equal?" |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is music where it's appropriate for a composer to think of a specific instrument while composing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do we need to think of to play/perform Baroque music? |
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Definition
| Performance practice in Baroque music needs to keep in mind constant motion, ornamentation, the unbalanced/non-symmetrical misshapen sound, the pre-well tempered intonation in early music |
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Term
Whose music sounds...
Italiante
dance like
triple meter
concerto (grosso)
late Baroque
lots o' violin |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Vivaldi and Corelli known for playing? |
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Definition
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Term
Whose music sounds...
sequency in Latin
late Italian
polyphonic
strings on an ostinato
part of a mass/sacred |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is known for his boring bass lines? |
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Definition
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Term
Whose music sounds...
fugal
late Baroque
and counterpointed |
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Definition
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Term
Whose music can sound...
busy with propulsion
orchestra with horns
Aria
German |
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Definition
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