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| A jeweler's term for irregularly shaped; bizarre; from Portuguese. |
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| Baroque pearls; pearl was thought of as a reliable indicator of good health. |
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Met over 18 years, made rules to bring the power back to the Church by banning nudity in art and holding clergy to high standards.
The Catholic Church decided to fight back against the reformation, belived that art should be theatrical.
Rules for art: No nudity, must tell Christian story with clarity, used for religious instruction. |
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| Church enforcement of its rules and laws, pursuit after anything that would be a threat to the Christian faith. |
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| Catholic priest who stopped agreeing with the Catholic Church on many terms; broke off from the Church, stapled his 95 theses to a church door, and started a new branch of Christianity, Lutheranism (which was considered to be heresy). |
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| Protestant attempt to break off from Rome and establish its own church; followed by the counter-reformation by the Catholics. |
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| "The frustrated and tired tourist"; described that people can have "art attacks" when exposed to a lot of art at once or to particularly beautiful works. |
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| Imperial army of Charles V enters Rome, burns and loots the city. The Pope had offended the emperor so it was for revenge, may have led to the euphoria and excitement of the Baroque period. |
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| First art historian; believed that the position of Christ's arm in The Last Judgment is damning people to Hell, but some believe that the gesture of his arm has ambiguity and not sure of his intention in the painting. |
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| Person who Michelangelo used as a model for Christ in The Last Judgment. |
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| A blackmailer who wrote a letter to Michelangelo who said that he must paint him within The Last Judgment or he would tel the world that Michelangelo is a homosexual; as a response, Michelangelo paints him skinning the self-portrait of Michelangelo. |
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| Started the "Fig Leaf Campaign" which was organized by several cardinals to remove the frescoes; believed it was shameful for a sacred place such as a church to have nudity depicted. In The Last Judgment, Michelangelo painted him with asses' ears being dragged into Hell. |
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| Hired to put pants on figures in The Last Judgment; called "the breeches maker"; was a student of Michelangelo. |
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| "The breeches maker": nickname given to Daniele de Volterra for putting pants on figures in The Last Judgment. |
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| One of the four Medici popes; the last non-priest to be elected pope. Known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses. |
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| People could buy their salvation, buy out their sins. Abuses in selling and granting indulgences were a major point of contention for Martin Luther. |
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| Made by Martin Luther; one of the points was that the sale of indulgences is wrong. |
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| Enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses, fell to the secular authorities. Martin Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms. |
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| In Rape of the Sabine Women, theft of property (not sex) since the body of the girl did not belong to herself but to her father. |
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| Complex Mannerist intertwining of figures. |
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| Famous doctor in Amsterdam. |
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| Architect of Monster Park. |
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| The lord of Bomarzo. Hunchback condottiero and patron of the arts; when his wife died, he created the Monster Park gardens. |
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| Those who protested against the Catholic Church; sent shock waves all across Europe, literally changes the world. |
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| Followers of the teachings of the Catholic Church. Sometimes known colloquially as "God's marines"; known in the fields of education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits in addition to missionary work. |
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| The Jesuits' military-oriented religious leader. Wanted to liberate the Holy Lands, convert Muslims, proposed new religious order which was approved in the 1530s. |
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| Ordered The Last Judgment. "Last Humanist Pope." His Jesuit followers volunteered to go anywhere at any time. |
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| Holds tomb of St. Ignatius. Greatest example of Baroque architecture. Richest altar of the Baroque. |
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| Jesuit lay preacher and architect. Made the Altar of St. Ignatius. |
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| Gem that is more valuable than gold. Used in the Altar of St. Ignatius. |
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| A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of life and the universe. |
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| Government by god/religion. |
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| Swiss reform leader who opposesart. Wanted Geneva to be like the Kingdom of God on earth. Wrote that Rome had "destroyed the glory of Christ in many ways." |
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| Founder of the Reformation in Switzerland who drives music and art out of Zurich. Saw art as a Catholic thing. |
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| Great Idolomachy of Basel |
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| Event in which art was destroyed, religion art abandoned. Group of conservative Protestants all art (everything that was considered Catholic). |
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| "Image breakers." People who are in favor of destroying art (mostly Protestants). |
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| "Image venerators." Believed that one could contemplate on an image and pray to Mary, saints, etc. Mostly Catholics. |
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| Conservative Christianity that bears the name of 16th century French reformer. Anti-art: saw art as materialist vanity. |
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| Catholics' rebuttal to Protestant challenge. Catholics became militant (this is when Jesuits came along). |
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| Used as a derogatory term during the Baroque; referred to those opposing Catholicism (considered a sin). |
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| Leading theologian who tried to take the lessons from the Council of Trent and put them into religious doctrine. Wrote Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith. Defended Galileo but then reversed his position. His body is now a relic. |
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| "Forty Hours Devotionals" |
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| Spiritual exercises designed to encourage public participation, to use all of the senses (music, visuals, etc). Churches became stages for extravagant theatrical productions. |
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| Celebratory, triumphal statement of the Catholic Church. |
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| Also known as Apostle of Rome; Italian priest noted for founding a society of secular priests called the "Congregation of the Oratory." Corrupt Church offered more rules that seemed detached from real people. |
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| Catholic lay group using music and song to bring in the faithful. |
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| Baroque means death of old world order and new way of living; graveyard of old or foundation of the new. Over 400 churches built or rebuilt. |
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| Symbolic representation of inevitable death. |
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| Minor order of Franciscan monks. |
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| "Rome's favorite heretic." Dominican monk who has the distinction of being banished from the Catholic Church. Joins the Lutherans, later is excommunicated. Tries to join Calvinists, is also banished by them. Arrested in Venice, sent to Rome where he is imprisoned and tortured. Questioned church doctrine. |
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| First to use the term "Baroque style." Swiss historian who defined Renaissance as period from Giotto to Michelangelo, saw it as the Birth of Modern Humanity. |
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| Old term for a guide; one who conducts sightseers and visitors to museums/galleries. |
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| Burckardt's student. Catergorized the unseeingly uncategorizable art of the Italian 16th century. His book Renaiisance und Barock (1888) introduced Baroque as a stylistic category. |
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| Artist who wanted to be more intellectual, but realized that the public market tended to go for violent and bizarre art. Considered the new generation of Caravaggio. |
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| "Hammer of Witches." Infamous witch-hunting manual used by both Catholics and Protestants. Outlines how to identify a witch, what makes a woman more likely to be one than a man, how to prosecute witches-->basically, how to purify the faith. |
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| Index Librorum Prohibitorum |
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| Catholic Church's "List of Prohibited Books." |
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| French sculptor who adhered more to the Italian style and who dramatically transformed the legacy of Bernini. Culmination of Baroque theatricality. |
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| Wrote Iconologia, secret symbols. |
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| Scholarship for art students astablished in 1663 under Louis XIV. Le Gros wins the prize in 1686 at age 20. |
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| Le Gros is rejected in 1695. |
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| Italian cardinal and archbishop of Bologna. Pope Pius IV sent him to the Council of Trent, comparing his activity at Bologna to that of Charles Borromeo at Milan. Wrote Discorso intorno alle immagini sacre e profane, was the most comprehensive and influential Italian attempt to explain the decisions of the Council of Trent concerning sacred art. |
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| Ancient Roman town destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD. Baroque censorship tries to ignore unearthing of artwork with cover-up-->Church's zero tolerance of any "forbidden" images. |
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| Farmer who discovered Laocoon. Granted money from tolls of the San Giovanni Gate as pension. |
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| Houses the Vatican collection of ancient art. Becomes a showcase for the Vatican pride of classical art. Controversy over whether "pagan art" should be put on display. |
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| Columbia art historian who has suggested that the sculpture Laocoon is a forgery perpetrated by Michelangelo. |
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| One of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Fought primarily in what is now Germany and at various points involved most of the European countries. Popes were not invited to fight in this war; it was a slam against the Catholic Church. |
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| Published "Miseries and Misfortunes of War" in 1633. Most powerful artistic statements of the inhumanity of war. During his career, he produced 1400 etchings that chronicled the life of his period, featuring soldiers, clowns, drunkards, Gypsies, beggars, as well as court life. |
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| Protestants outnumbered Catholics. Catholic forces carried a little painting of the Virgin Mary; they were unbeatable ("God's army"). Catholic victory. |
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| Mystical state of unity with God. |
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| Medici representative in Rome. Early patron of Caravaggio. Ambitious of being elected Pope, but his pro-Frenchy sympathies ensured his veto by the Spanish. |
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| Packed up artworks and shipped to Paris. Most of the treasures were later sent back to Italy. |
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| Shadow painting-->paint some light, but not all of it; kind of faded light. |
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| 18th century Neo-Classical architect. "Borromini in architecture, Bernini in sculture, and Cortona in paintings are all a plague." |
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| Borromini's San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane. Expesses the zeal and celebratory wonderment of the Catholic Reformation. |
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| Catholic religious order. |
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| Borromini's inspiration. Pumpkin domes. |
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| Dark, dirty streets of Rome. Forbidden subjects. In the gutter. Cult of the ugly. The underbelly. Contrast between rich and poor. |
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| "Saint Mary of the Stairs." One of two churches dedicated to prostitutes. |
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| Light & dark. Artistic technique to get rhythm and strong contrasts through contrasts of light and dark. |
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| Work of art discovered during the Baroque period. Find of the century; one of the most influential works of art for Baroque. Further fueled the Renaissance dream of returning Rome to its former grandeur. Different, emotional, theatrical, very Baroque-style. |
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| Movers and shakers; have what is called "stability," which means they are committed as members of the community of a particular Oratory. |
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| Symbol of the Catholic Church's renewal. "New Church." |
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| Well-known prostitute and model. Was a model for several of Caravaggio's paintings, most notably Death of the Virgin. |
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| Known as the "Calendar Pope"-->Gregorian calendar. Made rule that bishops must take up residence in their sees; updated the Index of Forbidden Books; no-nonsense pope. |
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| Most significant and prolific woman artist of the Baroque. Some of her works were downright bizarre. |
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| Calendar instituted by Pope Gregorian XIII. Dropped 10 days,m between Sept. 2 and 13. Abandoned old Julian calendar. |
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| Calendar in use since 45 BC. Every year we lose 11 minutes and 14 seconds. In 1572, the calendar was 10 days out of sync, so the Gregorian calendar came about, which was not accepted by German Lutherans, Church of England, or Russians, until 1917. |
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| Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland. In 1650, said creation took place Sunday, October 23rd, 4004 BC, by the Julian calendar. |
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| Controversial dispute within the Catholic Church over whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to the emperor constitutied idolatry. Decided that Chinese folk religion and Catholicism were not compatible. |
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| Danish painter who was counted amongst the foremost painters of the Baroque. Court painter of Christian IV. Served as agent & spy. |
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| King of Denmark-Norway. Remembered as one of the most remarkable Danish kings, having initiated many reforms and projects. Domestic reforms, build up navy, commissioned expeditions to North America. |
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| Local artist who produced several bodies of art that no one really paid attention to. Very traditional style--ignored because of lack of scandals/innovations. |
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| In Prospero Antichi's original monument to Gregory XIII, an extra 'I' was simply added to make it a monument to Gregory XIIII (XIV). |
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Responsible for commissioning the Dome of St. Peter's, among several other buildings.
1. Papal palaces
2. Monte: paying for Baroque (sale of indulgences, papal bonds)
3. Dome of St. Peter's
4. Acque Felice (symbol that Rome & Catholic Church are back; reestablishment of aqueducts)
5. War on prostitution
6. Vatican obelisk |
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| Method of paying for Baroque works, such as through the sale of indulgences and papal bonds. |
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| Finished St. Peter's dome, which became a symbol of world dominion by the Catholic Church over all. |
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| Aqueduct commissioned by Pope Sixtus V that was symbol of the return of Rome and the Catholic Church. |
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| Student of Antichi who produced the Moses statue on the Aqua Felice, considered to be one of the ugliest statues of the Baroque, but everyone thought the statue was produced by Antichi. |
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| Artist best known for the monument to Pope Gregory XIIII (by simply adding an 'I'). |
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| Fascination with Michelangelo and his style. |
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| Red light district (sex for sale). |
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| Papal architect responsible for moving the Vatican Obelisk to its present site in front of St. Peter's. In 1599, he unearthed a few more frescoes in Naples (Pompeii) but then covered them again because of explicit sexual content. |
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| Story about how the Vatican Obelisk was being lowered on ropes during its transportation; the ropes became overheated because of friction; a Bordhigera sailor yelled out this phrase, risking his life because everyone working on the obelisk was instructed to be quiet or put to death. |
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| Attitude of the Baroque because during this time many new innovations came about, Catholic power instituted, wars won. |
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| Military and political leader best known in England for his overthrow of the monarchy and temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth. Banned Christmas, theatre, sold Royal Art Collection and gets rid of all "sinful" things. Quoted as saying that his portrait was to be painted "warts and all"--a far cry from the whole "man as the measure of all things" deal. |
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| Baroque artist who started taking Caravaggio's style, but stopped after Caravaggio threatened him. Idealist/classical. Considered to be the Raphael of the 17th century. No dark shadows, everything is clear and visible. Produced portraits of the rich and famous. One of the highest paid artists of Baroque. |
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| Italian word for knowledge. Chapel of the Universita di Roma. |
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| Design from Hadrian's Villa. Alternating concave and convex-ending cornicles, six-pointed star. |
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| Great Fire of London, 1666 |
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| Disaster in which 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, and many other buildings were destroyed. Turned out to be an opportunity, in that many other buildings were built or rebuilt (Sir Christopher Wren designed 53 London churches, including St. Paul's). |
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| One of the highest acclaimed English architects in history. Responsible for rebuilding St. Paul's Cathedral after the Great Fire of 1666. |
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| German art historian who immigrated to America and remains highly influential in the modern academic study of iconography. |
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