Term
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Definition
| Specific need or desire that prompts goal-directed behavior |
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Definition
| Inborn pattern of behavior; NOT the best explanation of motive. |
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Definition
| Optimal level of arousal. Ex.: Some people prefer complex and changing stimuli. |
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Definition
| Usually external reward (money, compliments). |
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Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
1.Physiological- eat, sleep, etc.
2.Saftey- the need to feel safe
3.Belonging and Love
4.Esteem
5.Cognitive- desire to understand and learn
6.Aesthetic- sens of beauty (art, music, etc.)
7.Self-actualization- Fulfilling one's potential |
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Term
| Example of Motive: Sexual orientation |
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Definition
Sexual and emotional preference.
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Term
| What determines Sexual Orientation? |
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Definition
Nature- twin studies show that it is partly genetic.
Nurture- Nothing found |
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Term
| Example of Motive: Aggression |
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Definition
| Behavior intended to cause physical or psychological harm. |
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Term
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Definition
Yes: Bandura's Bobo Doll
No: 2 year olds are violent (we start out aggressive but learn to withold it) |
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Term
| Example of Motive: Affiliation |
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Definition
Need to "fit in" and for social contact
We want social contact when threatened
Misery loves miserable company |
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Term
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Definition
When one works for an exterior reward (money)
Can undermine Intrinsic motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| When one does something for an interior reward, like doing something for enjoyment or because it is fun. |
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Term
| When do rewards motivate? |
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Definition
Rewarding hard work.
When it is used to inform, not control. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subjective thought, physical arousal, or bodily expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus ---> Emotion ---> Physiological Reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulus ---> Physiological Reaction ---> Interpret as emotion
For: spinal injury evidence- those with spinal injuries report less emotion
Against: Similar symptoms |
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Term
| Schachter's Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
Stimulus ---> Physiological reaction ---> Cognition ---> Emotion
Emotion depends on interpretation
For: Distinguishes between similar symptoms
Against: Can have emotion without cognition |
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Term
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Definition
8 basic emotions
Joy
Trust
Fear
Surprise
Sadness
Disgust
Anger
Anticipation |
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Term
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Definition
| Benefits of catharsis (practice of releasing anger) are temporary |
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Term
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Definition
| Not related to: age, race, gender, education level, or physical attractivness |
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Term
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Definition
Kahneman-decision making
Too many choices = not choosing |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. Facial Expressions- inborn; quickly changed; can affect mood; recognizable |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of beliefs about people |
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Term
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Definition
To what do we attribute behavior?
Other's behavior = personality
Our behavior = situation |
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Term
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Definition
When things go well, we attribute it to ourselves
When things go badly, we attribute it to something/one else |
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Term
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Definition
Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.
Thinking this way makes us feel safe |
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Term
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Definition
| trying to change attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
Source of message- expertise, trustworthy
Receiver of message- intelligence, mood
Message- adresses competition |
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Term
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Definition
1.Frustration- agression theory- when people get frustrated, especially financially, they tend to act more prejudice
2.Authoritarian personality- likes to be in control
3.Cognitive over-simplifications- thinking too simply |
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Term
| Reducing prejudice and discrimination |
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Definition
Groups have equal status
One-to-one contact
Common goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Any way you can distinguish groups of people |
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Definition
| Shared ideas about how to behave |
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Term
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Definition
Conflict between individual and group
Resolved when the individual yields
Ex.: Hand washing experiment |
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Term
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Definition
Change behavior after explicit request
Ex.: Zimbardo's prison study |
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Term
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Definition
Compliance to a command
Ex.: Milgram's electric shock study |
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Term
| What influences obedience? |
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Definition
Power of commander
Surveillance
Others' behavior
Shared responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions that depend on others' physical presence |
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Term
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Definition
Loose sense of individuality/responsibility
Ex.: Paris Riots 2005 |
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Term
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Definition
1.Presence of others: bystander effect
2.Ambiguity of situation: If you don't know what's going on, you are less likely to help
3.Bystander characteristics: we are more likely to help someone similar to us |
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Term
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Definition
| Any situation that threatens our well-being. |
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Term
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Definition
| Event--->Subjective/personal appraisal--->Emotional/Physio/Behavioral response |
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Term
| Approach-Approach Conflict |
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Definition
| When one is forced to choose between two good options. |
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Term
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
| When one must choose between two bad options. |
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Term
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
| When one must choose to do an action or not do an action. |
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Term
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Definition
Change in general gives us stress
Even positive changes causes stress
Social Readjustment Rating Scale |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contribute more stress than major events because they are uncontrollable and unpredictable. |
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Term
| Optimal levels of arousal/stress |
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Definition
Complex Tasks = lower levels
Simpler Tasks = higher levels |
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Term
| Psychological Problems of stress |
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Definition
| Insomnia, drug/alcohol abuse, depression, schizophrenia, and eating disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| how psych/social factors relate to health |
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Term
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Definition
| internal state of tension motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms are motivated to behave in ways that will maximize reproductive success. |
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Term
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Definition
| The need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence |
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