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| Father of Psychology; Created first psychology lab in 1879; Practiced Structuralism |
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Study of the structure of the mind:
How thoughts and memories are organized;
How items in the mind are connected |
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Contemplating what is happening in your own mind.;
Main Drawback: Biased Ideas |
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| The study of how humans adapt to surroundings. |
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Created the Psychoanalytic theory.;
Believed that unconscious thought influence actions and emotions. |
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| The study of observable behavior. |
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| Hormonal and genetic influences |
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| Finding the unconscious motives |
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Focus on behavior and actions;
Rewards and Punishment |
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| Emphasis in trying to fulfill one's potential |
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| Focus on the way one thinks and why one thinks what they do |
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| Natural Selection influences behavior |
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| Steps of the Scientific Method |
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1.Observe a phenomenon
2.Prediction/Hypothesis
3.Test Hypothesis
4.Explain/make a theory |
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| Why scientific method is useful |
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Avoids hindsight bias;
Avoids anecdotal evidence |
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| Thinking that you knew something all along. |
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| personal stories/experiences |
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Shows extent of how two factors vary together.
No factor is manipulated.
Does NOT show causation. |
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| Outside factors that can affect a result. |
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Correlation study
Focus on one person |
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Correlation Study
Asking a large group of people questions related to study. |
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Correlation study
Observing an individual or group in a natural environment |
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An independent variable is manipulated to see how it affects the subject;
Can show causation;
Controls extraneous variables |
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Part of an experiment;
manipulated to have an effect |
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Part of an experiment;
The factor affected by manipulation of independent variable
Measured |
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Part of an experiment;
Variables that are kept constant |
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Part of an Experiment;
Receives independent variable |
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Part of an experiment;
Receives nothing or a placebo |
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| Reasons to use either a Correlation or Experiment |
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Some factors can't be manipulated;
Cannot randomly assign people to experimental or control groups |
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| Average score for individual or group |
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| A curve that represents the frequency of scores on some measure |
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| Statistic that measures extent of relationship between two variables |
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Sample that represents the population;
Each person in population has equal chance of being included in study |
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| Specialized cell in the Central Nervous System that process, stores, and transmits info |
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Part of a Neuron;
Receives information from other cells |
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Part of a Neuron;
Sends information |
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Part of a neuron;
Coats the axon and speeds up the transmission of information |
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Part of a neuron;
Releases the information to the next cell |
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Part of a neuron;
Space between neuron cells |
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When the inside of a neuron becomes positively charged;
Induces the neuron to send message |
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When a neuron cell returns to its negative charge;
No messages being transferred |
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| Creates action potential in neuron cells |
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| Pattern of neural activity |
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Chemical messages sent between neurons;
Influences behavior |
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| First System that influences our behavior |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| Links Central Nervous System with sense receptors, muscles, and glands |
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| Gets the body ready to take action |
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Hindbrain;
where spinal chord connects to brain;
Nerves on one side connect to the other here |
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Hindbrain;
Controls unconscious actions |
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Hindbrain;
Influences posture, movement, balance, etc. |
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| Integrates sensory processes |
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Forebrain;
"Sensory Switchboard";
Takes incoming information and directs it to the part of the brain that specializes in that information |
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Forebrain;
Controls basic emotions and basic urges |
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| Movement of muscles and reasoning |
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| Left and right sides of the brain have different jobs |
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| Intrahemispheric Competition |
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| One hemisphere with conflicting messages |
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| Fibers that connect hemispheres |
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| When brain damage occurs, the healthy part takes over the jobs of the damaged part |
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(Computerized tomography);
Shows structure of brain |
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(Positron emission tomography);
Shows which parts of the brain is being used |
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(Functional magnetic resonance imaging);
Shows both structure and brain use |
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Second system that influences behavior;
Collection of glands that releases hormones into bloodstream;
Influences growth, reproduction, metabolism, mood |
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We are motivated by reproduction;
Natural Selection |
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Thoughts and behavior are neural activity;
"Self" is an illusion |
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Locke "Blank Slate";
Implications: Parenting, violence, and history |
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| Why we are not Blank Slates |
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Physical structure of brain;
Can't teach just anyone anything |
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| Seven major areas in modern psychology |
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Developmental
Social
Experimental
Physiological
Cognitive
Personality
Psychometrics |
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| Four areas of spceicalization |
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Clinical
Counseling
Educational
Industrial and Roganizational |
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| Three Themes of Psychology |
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It is empirical.
It is theretically diverse.
It develops in a sociohistorical context. |
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Philosophical roots of Psychology:
Early Philosophers |
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Plato
Aristotle
John Locke |
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| Psychology 1960's to today |
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| Science of behavior and mental processes |
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| Two main questions psychologists ask |
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"Why do you think the way you do?"
"Why do you act the way you do?" |
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