• The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since the Big Bang
• The cooling is what has allowed the planets to form

• Explains why the universe is expanding
• Predicts cosmic background radiation
• Experiments under lab conditions have reproduced the theoretical atomic nuclei formation from protons and neutrons allowed to come together randomly

• Is the universe reallyexpanding? There may have been errors int he math. calculations & technology has improved since the theory was tested
• Superclusters have been shown to be 100s of billions of years old
• The universe is not homogeneous

• The universe has always existed and is always evolving
• AKA the scapegoat theory in scientific circles

• NH3
• H2S
• CO
• CO2
• CH4
• N2
• H2
• H2O

Lightning caused compounds to react and create simple organic molecules (C & H)

The heat of it fused early compounds which then reacted

• Cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• ribosomes
• DNA

2 types:

• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes 

• eg: bacteria; archaea
• developed before there was O2
• no nucleus
• single mesh like chromosomes, floating in cytoplasm

• eg: protist; fungi; plant; animal
• developed after there was O2
• developed to prevent O2 from stealing electrons
• roughly 10x larger than prokaryotes
• form larger organisms
• have larger ribosomes
• larger number of organelles
• developed from prokaryotes 1.5 billion years ago 

The addition of organelles:

• Nuclei with paired, linear chromosomes
• "live ins" 

organelles that weren't originally part of the cells; they have different DNA then the rest of the cell

THEY ARE ESSENTIAL TO LIFE AS WE KNOW IT!!! 

• energy producing powerhouse
• always reproduces seperately from the DNA of cells
• have smooth outer membrane
• folded inner membrane with cristae
• Is a "live in"

The points of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Adds surface area 

• Responsible for photosynthesis
• Eventually feeds us all (through the food chain)
• Only found in plants and green algae
• Contains grana
• Are the autotrophic centers
• Have an inner and outer membrane
• The fluid around the grana is called stroma
• Is a "live in"

• Rough: (RER) named for appearance due to ribosomes on the surface for proein synthesis; developes from the nuclear membrane

• Smooth: (SER) packages and sends out proteins synthesized in the RER

• SER and RER are continuous with each other

• Stcked, flattened tubules, often in a "U" shape
• Located close to the SER
• Stores adn secretes proteins
• Additional functions are under study

Maintain the shape of plant cells

If found in animal cells at all, they are small 

Little membranes filled withenzymes that destroy things by expaning their membrane, allowing enzymes to escape

The cell's protection 

• Holds organelles in place
• Connects to all organelles
• Important in maintaining cell infrastructure
• Used for transpor of substances between organelles "superhighway"
• Consists of protein in a lattice of fine strands called:
  • microtubules (larger)
  • filaments (smaller)

• Nucleolus
• Nuclear membrane
• Free floating chromosomes (gather together for transcription)

• Nuclear pores control the flow in and out of the nucleus
• Surrounds the nucleus

• Darker area of the nucleus
• Rich in DNA

"Same living"

2 things living together

One living off of the other 

Symbiosis where both benefit

eg: Mitochondria and cells 

An organism living within the body of another organism

Mitochondria and chloroplast withing the cells