Term
| What experiment did Redi perform to prove that flys come from flys |
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Definition
| Used 3 jars, each with meat inside, one uncovered, one covered, and one with cheese cloth |
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Term
| What did Pasteur disprove, and what was his method |
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Definition
| He disproved spontaneous generation of microbes using swan-neck flasks |
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Term
| What did Leewenhoek invent, and were was he from? |
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Definition
| Inventor of the microscope, from Delft netherlands |
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Term
| What is the benefit of heat fixing when making a microscope slide |
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Definition
| Dehydrates, sticks to slide, and denatures proteins so bacteria die. |
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Term
| What was Kock instrumentaly known for in bacteriology |
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Definition
| Forming postulates to prove etiology(cause of) a given disease and how to cure |
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Term
| What is the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
Eukaryotic- membrane bound organelles with multiple chromosomes
Prokaryotic- nuclear region with one chromosome |
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Term
| What is the function of the capsule in bacteria |
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Definition
| Helps to "camoflague" so that can hide from host and is used to grab a hold of host (mouth, tongue, teeth, etc.) |
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Term
| What is the main component of the cell wall and what is its function |
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Definition
| Peptidoglycan (PG), gives structural support |
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Term
| What is the difference between gram + and gram - |
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Definition
gram += thick layer of PG, accepts blue stain
gram -= thin layer of PG, accepts red stain, Rich with LPS |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the cytoplasmic membrane (E+P) |
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Definition
| Semi-permeable and transport proteins |
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Term
| In prokaryotic organisms, what is found in the nuclear area |
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Definition
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Term
| What unique feature do bacteria have to survive harsh conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes have what types of ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Pili (fimbriae) are for what purpose |
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Definition
| A proteinaceous appendage in many gram - bacteria, thinner and shorter than a flagellum which adhear to one another and host cells |
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Term
| What is the function of nutraphyll in non-specific defense |
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Definition
| It goes to battle were pathogen is and kills it off |
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Term
| What is characteristic of the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| Pathway for mRNA to ribosomes, is a vast network of tubules within a cell. Were proteins are produced (rough ER) |
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Term
| Eukaryotes have what type of ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| What function does the golgi body take part in within a Eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| Is close to ER, Necessary for packaging/ exportation and immune response. |
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Term
| What is the importance of mitochondria in an (E) cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of chloroplast in a cell |
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Definition
| Transforming sunlight into sugar. |
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Term
| What is the endosymbiotic theory (EST) and what is the proof? |
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Definition
| (EST)states that organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms that were taken inside the cell by a phagocyte. Proof is that organelles reproduce independently, they have bacterial type DNA, and 70 ribosomes |
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Term
| Give the names of the 4 different shapes of Bacteria and draw. |
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Definition
Rods(bascillus): rod shaped
Cocci: Round "ball" shaped, many or few
Spirillum: Long wavy with flagella
Spirochete: Long wavy with endoflagellum |
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Term
| What is the function of glycogen, fatty acids, and proteins in a cell |
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Definition
Glycogen= Glucose storage of energy
Fatty Acids= membrane and energy storage
Proteins= made by amino acids, most act as enzymes |
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Term
| Describe the process of anerobic metabolism (fermentation) |
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Definition
| production of ATP without the use of O2, less ATP produced by molecular rearrangement |
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Term
| What is the information flow of genetic code |
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Definition
| DNA(Transcription)-RNA(Translation)-proteins |
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Term
| What is the function and production of Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
Total breakdown of glucose
glycolysis->Kreb Cycle->chemiosmosis |
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Term
| Were is the most efficient energy generation sites in Eukaryotes and bacteria? |
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Definition
| In Eukaryotes the mitochondria and at cytoplasmic membrane of aerobic bacteria |
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Term
| Describe the process of transformation and its function in microbes |
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Definition
| Griffith, competend bacteria can internalize naked DNA, replacing flawed genes (eg gene for capsule) |
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Term
| What scientist discovered transformation in microbes and what experiment did he perform to do so? |
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Definition
| Grifith, used streptacoccus pneumonia and testing to see if it would kill the mouse or not with variation in the cell wall and genetic material |
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Term
| What is the process of Transduction, and what benefit can it have? |
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Definition
| Virus reproduces in a host cell, sometimes it then carries the host cell (bacterial) DNA to another host cell. |
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Term
| What is the process of lysogeny and how is it related to the lytic cycle? Which one is more common? |
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Definition
| Some viruses instert their DNA into host cell genome, then virus can re-emerge at a future time, going to the lytic cycle killing the host cell. (Lytic phase) |
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Term
| What is the process of conjugation, and how is it beneficial to a cell? |
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Definition
| Common in gram - bacteria, plasmids are passed from cell to cell possibly carrying drug resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resistant, carry genes to break down antibodies |
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Term
| What are the 4 different stages of a typical growth curve |
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Definition
| Lag, exponential growth, stationary, death |
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Term
| What is the composition of nutriend agar |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, and agar (solidifying agent) |
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Term
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Definition
| (by streaking for isolation) colonies are from single cell, then make culture with single cell |
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Term
| In a (TGC) define the lag phase |
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Definition
| Put in organism want to grow, rate depends on substrates to make energy, and learning new enviornment. |
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Term
| In a (TGC) define the exponential growth phase |
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Definition
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Term
| In a (TGC) define the stationary phase |
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Definition
| Nutrients run out, no more increase in growth, replacing organisms that die, build up waste products |
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Term
| In a (TGC) define the death phase |
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Definition
| Waste products kill off everything |
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Term
| What are some good qualities of algar as a solidifying agent |
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Definition
| inert, good optical qualities, doesn't boil till 100 deg C |
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Term
| Describe the components of mannitol-salt algar |
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Definition
| 7.5% salt selects for staphylococci, use to differentiate from staph aureus |
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Term
| Describe the components of Mac Conkey's agar and the process |
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Definition
| bile salts and crystal violet= gram+, Lactose=gram - |
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Term
| In non-specific defense, what are some of the benefits of normal flora |
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Definition
| Provides protection, limits function of pili/fimbriae, stimulates immune response of antibodies, produces vitamins |
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Term
| In nonspecific defense, give some of the bad effects of normal flora |
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Definition
| Dental cavities, opportunistic pathogens already in body can become bad, In children disruption can cause diarrhea |
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Term
| What does normal flora produce on the skin that protect the body |
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Definition
| Dryness, secretes salt and fatty acids (esp. after puberty), tough barrier |
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Term
| What are some of the steril sights in the human body |
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Definition
| Blood stream, CSF, CNS, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, lymphatics |
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Term
| What is the function of a fever |
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Definition
| Slows microbial growth and speeds up host immune response |
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Term
| What is the special function of iron in the body relative to bacterial growth |
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Definition
| Bacteria need for growth, but transferrins bind to host iron so little free iron depriving many microbes of nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| can non specifically nutralize microbials |
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