Term
| 4 different ways bacteria transmit genetic material |
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Definition
1.conjugation- bacteria-sex
2.transformation- taking up naked DNA
3.transduction- via viral DNA
4.transposition- transposon-mediated |
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Term
| triad of infectious disease |
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Definition
1.host
2.infectious agent
3.environment |
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Term
| important characteristics of host (from triad of infectious disease) |
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Definition
| hygiene; immune status; nutritional status; disease co-morbidities; sexual behavior |
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Term
| important characteristics of infectious agent (from triad of infectious disease) |
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Definition
| virulence; toxic genocidity; invasive factors produced; ability to exist in host environment; resistance to host response; resistance of organism to antibiotics |
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Term
| commensalism (host/parasite interaction) |
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Definition
| host and parasite live together, neither benefits, neither damaged |
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Term
| saprobic (host/parasite interaction) |
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Definition
| microbe benefits, no harm to host |
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Term
| symbiotic/mutualism (host/parasite interaction) |
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Definition
| both host and parasite benefit |
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Term
| parasitic (host/parasite interaction) |
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Definition
| microbe benefits at expense of host |
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Term
| opportunistic (host/parasite interaction) |
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Definition
| microbe has infected immunocompromised individual |
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Term
| 5 different types of host/parasite interaction |
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Definition
1.commensalism
2.saprobic
3.symbiotic/mutualism
4.parasitic
5.opportunistic |
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Term
| 6 categories of infectious disease |
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Definition
1.communicable disease
2.contagious
3.iatrogenic- originates from medical intervention
4.nosocomial- acquired in health care facility (place-relationship)
5.opportunistic (immunocompromised)
6. subclinical |
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Term
| 6 routes of transmission for infectious disease |
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Definition
1.fomite- inanimate object
2.vector- living carrier
3.direct contact- generally on skin
4.inhalation
5.ingestion
6.inoculation-blood-borne pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| inanimate object on which bacteria can survive |
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Term
|
Definition
| living carrier of bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| capacity of an organism to cause disease, a function of the toxic products it produces as well as its adaptive and invasice qualities |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreted with the purpose of affecting the host or host response |
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Term
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Definition
| the modifications an organism has made to attack, colonize, grow and spread in a host |
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Term
| mobile genes can confer what traits to a bacterium? |
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Definition
| antibiotic-resistance factors; production of certain toxins |
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Term
| 9 steps in establishment of infection |
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Definition
1.contact- overcome natural barriers
2.adhesion- via adhesins, include pili and flagella (ex. lipopolysaccharide, a component of gram - organisms)
3.iron acquisition- need high concentrations to survive, do no make it
4.growth- biofilms (produce more virulence factors; often introduced via implants)
5.toxin/enzyme production
6.evasion of cell-mediated and humoral immune systems
7.tissue invasion
8.tissue damage and disease (caused by trauma or pathogenic factors, i.e. hyaluronidase); infection produces inflammatory response
9.antibiotic resistance |
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Term
| 2 types of virulence factors |
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Definition
1.endotoxins- part of gram - cell wall, outer membrane containing LPS; high levels lead to gram - sepsis; low levels produce immunostimulation and alarm reactions
2.exotoxins- secreted from pathogen for a purpose; generally, secreted only nutritional or environmental needs are sufficient (i.e. Corynebacterium diptheriae produces diptheria toxin to kill cells for their iron) |
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Term
| what are the alarm reactions (in immunostimulation) produced by low levels of endotoxin? |
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Definition
| fever, macrophage activation, stimulation of B lymphocytes, activation of complement cascade, lowered blood pressure, stimulation of prostaglandins, stimulation of kinin system, stimulation of fibrinolytic pathway, stimulation of the clotting system |
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Term
| peptidoglycan protein complexes |
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Definition
| gram + complement of endotoxin in gram - bacteria; very similar effect on host humoral system |
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Term
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Definition
| A is "business" end, B is bonding domain |
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Term
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Definition
| 25-protein structure that secretes virulence factors directly into organism, no A-B form needed |
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Term
| 3 toxins associated with Bacillus anthracis |
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Definition
1. protective toxin- essentially B subunit, allowing association with target
2. edema factor- A subunit, leads to increased adenylyl cyclase activity, which causes increase in cellular cAMP, and fluid movement from cell to interstitial space (edema)
3. lethal factor- A subunit, metalloprotease, an enzyme that inactivates host's kinases |
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Term
| stimulation and toxic mechanism of Corynebacterium diptheriae |
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Definition
| stimulated by low iron levels; toxic mechanism works by ADP-ribosylation, cleavage of ADP-ribose from an NAD, which is transposed onto elongation factor 2, which leads to cessation of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotoxins; metalloproteases that work by targeting the snare complex, which is involved in neurotransmission; botulin and tetanus toxin are implicated |
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Term
| toxic mechanism of Tetanus toxin |
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Definition
| targets snare complex, leading to inhibition of the inhibitory neuron transmitter release, which causes spastic paralysis |
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Term
| toxic mechanism of Botulin toxin |
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Definition
| inhibits acetylcholine release by targeting snare complex, leading to flaccid paralysis |
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Term
| toxic mechanism of cholera toxin (enterotoxin) |
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Definition
| stimulates adenyl cyclase; works by ADP-ribosylation of G protein in intestinal cells, which leads to increased cAMP, causing an increased release of Cl, and water follows |
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Term
| toxic mechanism of Escheria coli LT (thermal labile) toxin |
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Definition
| similar to cholera, although it does not induce secretory diarrhea |
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Term
| toxic mechanism of Escheria coli ST (thermo-stable) toxin |
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Definition
| similar to action of cholera, although point of attack is cGMP levels |
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Term
| toxic mechanism of Clostridium difficile |
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Definition
| enterotoxin leads to diarrhea, cytotoxin can lead to pseudomembranous enterocolitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulate T-cell proliferation, which leads to production of massive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| a way for bacteria to get from A to B; generally enzymes like hyaluronidase, which cleaves hyaluronic acid, an integral component of CT |
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Term
| streptokinase and staphylokinase |
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Definition
| enzymes produced by their respective organism to move through or dissolve host-derived fibrin barriers |
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Term
| Types of appendages used for attachment |
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Definition
| LPS; M protein used by group A strep; pili; fimbriae; flagella; E. coli utilize pili, R pilus for attachment to viruses, I pilus used for general attachment, F pilus used for DNA transfer, P pilus used for attachment to renal epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligands secreted by bacteria that often act in concert with hemolysins to acquire iron from host |
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Term
|
Definition
| innate response to bacterial LPS involves CD14 receptors on macrophages which communicate with other toll-like receptors, leading to the production of more macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
| What's the purpose of cytokines? |
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Definition
| To enhance microbial clearance |
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Term
| Bugs don't. . . a.) read the books; b.) subscribe to JAMA; c.) watch Discovery Health |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 2 types of humoral/adaptive response |
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Definition
1.cellular, or cell-mediated
2. humoral response |
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Term
| cellular, or cell-mediated response |
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Definition
| includes T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells, which kill intracellular pathogens of all types, the T-cells are activated by macrophages, and stimulate cytokine production |
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Term
|
Definition
| works against extracellular pathogens, includes antibodies, complement, and to some extent, phagocytic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
1. IgM- first responder, found in bacterial diseases
2. IgG- predominates in the circulation, found in bacterial diseases
3. secretory IgA- found on mucosal cells
4. IgE- primarily found in allergic response and parasitic diseases
5. complement- serum proteins that inititate a cascade of enzymes which attack or disrupt pathogens |
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Term
| 4 forms of bacterial subversion of humoral response |
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Definition
1. antibody cleavage
2. antigen shedding
3. antigenic variation
4. immunosuppression |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the humoral response that involves IgA protease, Neisseria gonorrhoeae uses this enzyme extensively |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the humoral response in which organisms liberate certain key antigens during growth, attaching them to non-bacterial surface so that antibodies and complement attack this decoy site; Chlamydia pneumonia attach antigens to endothelium, which leads to atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the humoral response in which organisms change their antigenic fingerprint; fingerprint can be changed with a change to only a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the humoral response in which cell wall components of some bacteria directly supress the immune system |
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Term
| 7 forms of bacterial subversion of cell-mediated response |
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Definition
1. subversion of phagocytosis
2. depression of normal white cell function
3. inhibition of chemotaxis
4. inhibition of phagocytic ingestion of microbe
5. inhibition of phagosome lysosome function
6. hiding in caveoli
7. inhibition of cell-to-cell communication |
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Term
| subversion of phagocytosis |
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the cell-mediated response in which organisms produce toxins called leukocytins which kill phagocytes; others produce type 3 secretion systems that inject apoptosis-causing proteins |
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Term
| depression of normal white cell function |
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the cell-mediated response inwhich toxins cause an increase in intracellular cAMP, which shuts off the normal functioning of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of phagocyte-to-phagocyte signaling via actual, physical movement; a form of bacterial subversion of the cell-mediated response in which hyaluronic acid, found in the capsules of some pathogens, inhibits this process |
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Term
| inhibition of phagocytic ingestion of the microbe |
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the cell-mediated response in which wall components of some bacteria stop ingestion of the microbe |
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Term
| inhibition of the phagosome-lysosome function |
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the cell-mediated response in which microbe inhibits fusion via mycolic acid (i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) |
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Term
| phagosome-lysosome function |
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Definition
| process by which phagocytes sequester microbes in a vacuole until the phagosome and lysosome fuse, introducing hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical into the vacuole, which kills the microbe |
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Term
| catalase and superoxide dismutase |
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Definition
| bacterial enzymes that cause the microbe to be immune to hydrogen peroxide and that neutralize superoxide radical, respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the cell-mediated response in which microbes hide in cellular "caves," frequently found in mast cells, for example |
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Term
| inhibition of cell-to-cell communication |
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Definition
| a form of bacterial subversion of the cell-mediated response in which microbes inhibit the host message, not the movement, unlike inhibition of chemotaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| a systemic overreaction to microbial invasion |
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Term
|
Definition
| fever, leukocytosis, leukopenia, tachycardia, systemic inflammation, coagulation, suppression of fibrinolysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of living bacteria in the blood; often subclinical (bacteria are often in the blood, and quickly killed) |
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Term
| criteria by which SIRS is diagnosed (pick 2) |
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Definition
1.hypo or hyperthermia, over 38 or less than 36
2. increased respiration, over 20
3. tachycardia, over 90
4. elevated white count, above 12,000
5. depressed white count, below 4,000
6. hemoglobin greater than 12 or less than 4 |
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Term
|
Definition
| SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) with a pathogen (40% of SIRS cases) |
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Term
|
Definition
| sepsis with some type of organ dysfunction, increases mortality rate 20% |
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Term
|
Definition
| severe sepsis with hypertension |
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|
Term
| what do pro-inflammatory mediators lead to? |
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Definition
| an increase in blood flow; an increase in vascular permeability; recruitment of neutrophils; imbalance of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines in sepsis; activation of coagulation cascade, which leads to release of additional cytokines; decreased levels of activated protein C in sepsis, protein C controls coagulation |
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Term
| what are the two phases of sepsis (biphasic process)? |
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Definition
| 1st: an overwhelming inflammatory process, IL-1,6,12 and TNF, important effects in endothelial cells, leads to release of tissue factor which leads to deposition of fibrin within vasculature, which leads to DIC; 2nd: anti-inflammatory process, IL-10,13, often delayed or does occur at all in sepsis, or these are overproduced leading to immunosuppression |
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Term
| signs and symptoms of sepsis |
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Definition
| peripheral vasodilation; increased cardiac output; difficulty breathing (ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, is first organ sign of sepsis); visible symptoms- changes in mental alertness, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased urine output, tachycardia, hyperventilation, hyperthermia |
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Term
|
Definition
| started on broad-spectrum antibiotic; lance abscesses; remove sites of infection (indwelling devices); fluid resuscitation; ventilator; use of coagulation modulators (protein C promotes fibrinolysis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an antimicrobial agent which comes from a microbe; all antibiotics are derived from other microbes |
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Term
|
Definition
| an agent that kills an organism (i.e. penicillin, which causes a malformation of the bacterial cell wall which slows growth, also induces the organism to produce autolytic enzymes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an agent that inhibits an organism (i.e. protein synthesis inhibitors like tetra cyclines, aminoglycosides, amoxicillin, asithromycin) |
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Term
|
Definition
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (or multidrug-resistant); resistant to beta-lactams, but also to vancomycin; involved in an alteration on the penicillin-binding proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
1. protein synthesis
2. membrane integrity
3. cell wall synthesis
4. nucleic acid synthesis |
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Term
| protein synthesis is the target of what? |
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Definition
| a target of antibiotics; second largest class of antibiotics behind cell wall synthesis inhibitors; include clindamycin, aminoglycosides, stretogramins, tetracyclines, macrolides; all take advantage of the fact that bacteria produce proteins with 70S ribosomes, inhibitors bind to either 70S ribosome of 50S or 30S subunits |
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Term
| membrane integrity is the target of what? |
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Definition
| a target of antibiotics; a poor target because the host membrane is affected; includes polymyxin and bacitracin; not used internally because of detergent-like effect |
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Term
| cell wall synthesis is the target of what? |
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Definition
| a target of antibiotics; the primary target and the largest class of antibiotics; cell wall inhibitors belong to group called B-lactam drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
| bind in the membrane of the bacteria to enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis, specifically peptidoglycan; also bind to enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs); also stimulate bacterial cell to produce autolytic enzymes; gram + bacteria much more likely to be receptive to these drugs due to differences in PBPs; include all of the "cillins" |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacterial enzymes used to break beta-lactam rings; penicillinase and cephalosporinase are beta-lactamases with their respective targets |
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Term
| does vancomycin work on the cell wall? |
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Definition
| yes, but it's not a beta-lactam drug, so beta-lactamases will not work on it; so, use vancomycin on staph, b/c staph produces a ton of beta-lactamases |
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Term
| penicillinase-resistant penicillins |
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Definition
| naphcillin, oxacillin, moxacillin; all exhibit a very narrow spectrum of activity |
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Term
| nucleic acid synthesis is the target of what? |
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Definition
| a target of antibiotics; 2 ways- 1. directly affecting enzymes involved in DNA replication, drugs like quinolone attach to DNA gyrases of bacteria, 2. indirectly affecting necessary precursor molecules that are used to make DNA, shuts off folic acid synthesis, via sulfa drugs like trimethaphan and sulfamethoxypyridazine |
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Term
| 4 categories of antibiotic treatment |
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Definition
1. prophylactic treatment
2. empiric treatment
3. pathogen-directed
4. susceptibility-guided |
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Term
| prophylactic antibiotic treatment |
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Definition
| treatment before exposure |
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Term
| empiric antibiotic treatment |
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Definition
| syndrome is known, but the bacteria is not; objective data not available |
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Term
| pathogen-directed antibiotic treatment |
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Definition
| organism is known but the susceptibility-profile is not (i.e. S. aureus is often multiresistant) |
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Term
| susceptibility-guided antibiotic treatment |
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Definition
| organism and susceptibility-profile are known |
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Term
| 2 molecular mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics |
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Definition
1. intrinsic
2. mutational/acquired |
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Term
| intrinsic molecular mechanism of bacterial antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| no effect of a particular antibiotic on a wild-type bacteria (i.e. gram - bacteria are not sensitive to vancomycin) |
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Term
| mutational/acquired molecular mechanism of bacterial antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| via mutation within organism- point mutation, rearrangement of DNA segments (insertion, deletion, transposition), acquisition of foreign DNA (naked DNA, plasmids); via acquisition of new genes from other organisms |
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Term
| 8 bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanism |
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Definition
1. enzymatic inhibition
2. decreased membrane permeability
3. antibiotic efflux
4. altered target site
5. altered target enzymes
6. protection of target site
7. overproduction of target
8. metabolic bypass |
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|
Term
| enzymatic inhibition is a type of what? |
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Definition
| an bacterial antibiotic-resistance mechanism; best examples are the B-lactamases, which split the amide bond of B-lactam rings |
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Term
| 2 classes of B-lactamases |
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Definition
| 1. ESBLs (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases)- capable of hydrolyzing all cillins and cephalosporins, can resist quinolones and sulfa drugs (TMP-SMX); 2. AmpCs- newer form of B-lactamase, able to resist all commercially available B-lactamase inhibitors, drugs like sulbactam, tazobactam, and clavulanic acid |
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Term
| decreased membrane permeability |
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Definition
| a bacterial antibiotic-resistance mechanism; primarily seen in gram - bacteria due to double wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| an bacterial antibiotic-resistance mechanism; antibiotics are collected via a membrane transporter and effluxed, i.e. Pseudomonas aruginosa |
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Term
|
Definition
| an bacterial antibiotic-resistance mechanism; ribosome site alteration via modification of structure of 50S and 30S ribosomes and cell wall site alteration, i.e. vancomycin-resistant bacteria replace the D-alanine with a D-lactate |
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Term
|
Definition
| an bacterial antibiotic-resistance mechanism; in example, S. aureus produces altered form of PBP, which will not bind penicillin, quinolone drugs cannot bind organisms whose topisomerases mutate to avoid binding, and mutations in those organism targeted by sulfa drugs, which normally function to stop the formation of tetrahydrofolic acid |
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Term
| protection of target site |
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Definition
| an bacterial antibiotic-resistance mechanism; ribosomal site which is normal binding site for tetracycline is sterically protected |
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Term
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Definition
| too much enzyme to be handled by antibiotics |
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Term
| novel antibiotic treatments |
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Definition
| phage therapy- use of bacterial viruses to control growth of bacteria; probiotics- improves overall microbial balance; wound treatment- honey, maggots, leeches |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. edema factor- increasing cAMP; 2. lethal factor- cell death and necrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| bind and mediate transfer of toxins in B. anthracis |
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Term
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Definition
| aerobic spore forming gram-positive rods; relatively low virulence except for B. anthracis; soil organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| highly virulent; produce enterotoxins; common food sources: fried rice, milk, meat, veg., fish |
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Term
|
Definition
| "medusa head" colony appearance; disease of herbivores |
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Term
| 2 toxins of bacillus cereus |
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Definition
| 1. emetic- from fried rice kept at room temp., heat stable toxin, causes nausea, vomiting; 2. diarrheal- heat labile, several enterotoxins involved, cAMP levels increased which leads to voluminous diarrhea (if both, get a sink very close to toilet!) |
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Term
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Definition
| motile, gram positive rods; non-spore-forming; intracellular; found in GI tract of humans and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with meat; human GI flora, soil, herd animals; 3 virulence factors- internalin, listeriolysin-O, actA; common diseases- gastroenteritis, with high likelihood of transmission in utero which leads to fetal death early in pregnancy, encephalitis and meningitis in late pregnancy, and meningitis in immunocompromised individuals |
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Term
| 3 virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes |
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Definition
| 1. internalin- helps attach bacteria to endothelial cells, inducing self-phagocytosis; 2. listeriolysin-O- replicates inside cell, than uses this to get out before oxidative burst; 3. ActA (actin rocket)- causes actin polymerization in host cell around the bacteria, and leads to the bacteria being shot out through the membrane into the next host cell |
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Term
| Erysipelothrix rusiopathiae |
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Definition
| non-spore-forming gram positive rods; common route of transmission fish to humans; produce some spreading factors, but no invasive factors, so must spread through existent cut or abrasion; cellulitis usually on hands ("fishfinger"); RED DISEASE |
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Term
|
Definition
| pallisade (chinese-letter) appearance; uneven, metachromatic granules |
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Term
| Corynebacterium diptheria |
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Definition
| pseudomembrane across posterior pharynx; causes cell death and necrosis; |
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Term
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Definition
| spore-forming anaerobic rods; found primarily in soil and water; accidentally end up in humans through wound contamination |
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic spore-forming, gram-positive rod; neuroparalytic disease; no pathogenic functions except for a very potent neurotoxin which prevents the release of Ach, leading to flaccid paralysis; a soil organism that especially contaminates vegetables; prefers alkaline environment; prevention- heating, acidic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic spore-forming, gram-positive rod; a soil organism that infects wounds; irreversibly binds to axons; pathogenesis- tetanospasmin toxin, inhibits inhibitory neurotransmitter, creating muscular rigidity |
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic spore-forming, gram-positive rod; most common clinical isolate of Clostridium; causes wound infections, skin infections, food poisoning, soft tissue infection; characterized by large amounts of N and H gas; subset that causes food poisoning acts by an enterotoxin that acts like the superantigen of staph |
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Term
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Definition
| infection caused by Clostridium perfringens, in which the organism produces toxins which kill cells, leading to anoxic necrosis; growth produces gas and swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic spore-forming, gram-positive rod; have terminal spores; part of the normal flora (can be normal inhabitants of 10% of people); leads to antibiotic-related diarrhea- suppression of normal flora leads to growth of excessive quantities of C. difficile; increasingly multi-resistant; two toxic factors- toxin A and toxin B; leads to damaged mucosa, inflammation, and pseudomembrane formation |
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Term
| 2 toxic factors of Clostridium difficile |
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Definition
| 1. toxin A- enterotoxin that produces watery diarrhea; 2. toxin B- cytotoxin that causes inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| heterogenous collection of gram-positive bacteria that all form branching filaments; look like fungi under the microscope; found in the soil- decomposers- but infection comes from normal human flora |
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Term
|
Definition
| gram-positive aerobic bacilli; non-acid fast; very slow-developing chronic infections in humans; low virulence; small colonies produce sulfa granules; can only infect when normal barriers have already been broken down |
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Term
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Definition
| aerobic bacilli; resemble mycobacterium, and cell borders contain a little mycolic acid, like mycobacteria; transiently acid-fast; spectrum of organisms ranging from true bacteria to nearly fungi |
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Term
| Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis |
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Definition
| common pathogens of the genus Nocardia; exogenous agents, not part of the normal flora; produce Cord Factor, which interferes with phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome function; no sulfa granules; catalase positive |
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Term
| general features of gram negative rods |
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Definition
| all ferment glucose; non-spore forming; oxidase negative; tons of UTIs and diarrheas |
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Term
|
Definition
| antigenicity is important to classification- O antigen comprises outer wall (LPS), H antigen associated with flagella, K antigen associated with the capsule; virulence factors- enterotoxins, LPS, capsules, B-lactamase |
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Term
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Definition
| gram-negative; lactose-positive; causes GI, UTI (90% of cases), mainly, and the 3rd cause of neonatal meningitis, pneumonia, skin infection |
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Term
| uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli |
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Definition
| all endogenous; contain absorptive pili that allow attachment to uroepithelial cells- Type 1 fimbriae allow attachment to bladder, PAP (P fimbriae) allow attachment to renal cells |
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Term
| enteric strains of Escherichia coli |
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Definition
| all exogenous; 6 varieties of enteric E. coli; EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) is predominant type- abrupt onset, vomiting, diarrhea |
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Term
| 6 types of enteric E. coli |
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Definition
| 1. ETEC (enterotoxigenic)- watery diarrhea, both LT (heat labile) and ST (heat stable) toxins; 2. EPEC (enteropathogenic); 3. EIEC (enteroinvasive)- inflammatory diarrhea; 4. EAEC (enteroaggressive); 5. EHEC (enterohemorrhagic)- can't ferment sorbitol, Shiga toxin which blocks translation of ribosomes leading to cell death as well as hemorrhagic colitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| heavily encapsulated; hemorrhagic pneumonia- "currant jelly sputum"; rarely associated with diarrhea; Quellung reaction- used for organisms with heavy capsules |
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Term
|
Definition
| lactose-negative, gram-negative, low pathogenic potential organism; important agent of UTIs in men, usually associated with stones- produces urease, which causes production of ammonia, raising pH to form stones |
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Term
|
Definition
| gram-negative rod, lactose negative; hydrogen sulfide positive; motile; live in intestines of both warm and cold-blooded animals; disease- acute gastroenteritis, if in the blood, enteric fever; enterotoxin- causes watery diarrhea, cytotoxin- inhibits protein synthesis, causing diarrhea and necrosis |
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|
Term
| pathogenesis of GI strains of Salmonella |
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Definition
| infect gut epithelium; digest mucosal glycocalyx; invade enterocytes, which stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokines; short-term- diarrhea, long term- ulcers |
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|
Term
| pathogenesis of typhoid (enteric strains of Salmonella) |
|
Definition
| few GI symptoms; organisms attract phagocytes from Peyer's patches, then prevent phagosome-lysosome function; can infect many tissues, especially gallbladder and liver |
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|
Term
| 3 identifying features of Salmonella |
|
Definition
| 1. gram negative rods; 2. lactose negative; 3. usually motile, produce hydrogen sulfide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like Salmonella, Shigella is lactose negative; non motile; non hydrogen sulfide producing; usually fecal-oral route via water supplies; 4 types- S. dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei (90% of cases); dysenteriae and flexneri are most virulent, in undeveloped countries; boydii is usually via food/water; pathogenesis- bloody diarrhea with mucoid stools, inflammation, colitis, ulcers; spread via actin rocket (like Listeria); suspect with inflammatory diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| identifying features of Shigella |
|
Definition
| inflammatory diarrhea; gram negative rods; lactose negative; hydrogen sulfide negative; non-motile |
|
|
Term
| Vibrio cholera, parahemolyticus, vulnificus |
|
Definition
| common diseases: cholera, gastroenteritis, wound infection/cellulitis, sepsis; RICE WATER STOOL! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C. jejuni, fetus, coli; the most common cause of diarrhea in humans (40% of cases); identification- gull-wing shape, motile via single polar flagella |
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|
Term
| identifying features of Campylobacter |
|
Definition
| gull-wing shape; motile via single polar flagella |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of Campylobacter |
|
Definition
| chicken is the most common source of human infection; most common clinical manifestation is acute inflammatory diarrhea (not as perfuse as EIEC); also can cause sepsis; highest rates in infants and elderly; enterotoxin leads to watery diarrhea; inflammatory response leads to bloody diarrhea; Guillon-Barre Syndrome may be associated with repeated cases of this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common diseases: gastric ulcer, gastric carcinoma; virulence factors: urease- breaks down urea, producing ammonia which neutralizes the acid of the stomach; mucinase/motility- for spreading using flagella to push into mucosal cells; Vac A toxin- intercytoplasmic vaccule inducing toxin which causes apoptosis, and may help induce ulceration; adhesins- aid attachment so they can hold on in stomach; CAG proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-enteric gram-negative rod; strictly aerobic; non-fermentative; found everywhere (in flowers going to patients in hospitals!); opportunistic pathogen, common nosocomial pathogen; use cytochrome oxidase, usually encapsulated; produce water-soluble pigments (blue-green pus); "fruity" odor |
|
|
Term
| toxic invasive factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
Definition
| adhesins; endotoxins; motility- especially in burns and wounds; exotoxin A- protein-synthesis blocker; exoenzyme S; elastase- degrades elastin layer in blood vessels, particularly useful in lung tissue; pyocyanin- blue pigment and toxic factor, disrupts ciliary action in respiratory tissue; aliginate- found in capsule, used as adhesin for binding to lung epithelium, forms biofilm; enterotoxin- occasional diarrhea; antibiotic resistance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90% of all Legionella infections in humans ; attach to surfaces in aquatic environments and form biolfilms; natural parasites of aquatic amoeba; causes atypical pneumonia (not normally seen in lab mediums or gram stains) |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of Legionella |
|
Definition
| inhalation allows for delivery deep into respiratory system; infection begins in respiratory tract; growth of bacteria activates complement; leakage of capillaries and deposit of fibrin causes pneumonia; mostly affects immunocompromised |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| subtype of Legionella disease associated with hot tubs and saunas |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| small, non-spore-forming, non-motile coccobacilli; virulence factors: PRP capsule- avoids complement, adhesins, IgA protease, hemocin- inhibits competing bacteria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| causes pneumonia, acute epiglottitis, meningitis, otitis, sinusitis, sepsis |
|
|
Term
| Hemophilus parainfluenzae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes whooping cough; virulence factors: pertussis toxin works just like diptheria toxin |
|
|
Term
| 3 principal pathogens of Staphylococcus |
|
Definition
| 1. S. aureus; 2. S. epidermidis; 3. S. saprophyticus |
|
|
Term
| 3 occasional pathogens of Staphylococcus (human strains) |
|
Definition
| 1. S. haemolyticus; 2. S. warneri; 3. S. hominis |
|
|
Term
| general features of Staphylococcus |
|
Definition
| grape-like clusters, non-motile, non-spore producing, encapsulated (so, evade phagocytosis), ALL are catalase positive, gram positive |
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|
Term
| general features of Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
| most virulent form of Staphylococcus; can produce sepsis; |
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|
Term
| predisposing factors to S. aureus |
|
Definition
| WBC chemotaxis defect (Down's syndrome, diabetes, RA); antibody opsonization defect (complement deficiency); intracellular killing defect (after phagocytosis, inability to mount H2O2 burst); severe skin trauma; prior infections (reduced granulocytes); chronic underlying disease; recent administration of antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| pathogenicity factors of S. aureus |
|
Definition
| catalase- enzyme which splits H2O2 (all Staphylococcals have this); coagulase- allows conversion of host fibrinogen to fibrin, which then coats bacteria, hiding it (only S. aureus produces this); hyaluronidase; staphylokinase; B-lactamases; Protein A- wall protein that binds to IgG to competitively inhibit and inactivate complement; peptidoglycan- components of wall can have endotoxin-like attributes |
|
|
Term
| cytolytic toxin of S. aureus |
|
Definition
| alpha, beta, gamma, and delta; a.k.a. hemolysins; lyse RBCs and more; produce classic abscess |
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|
Term
| superantigen of S. aureus |
|
Definition
| solely a product of S. aureus; enduce production of massive amounts of T cells |
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|
Term
| exfoliative toxin of S. aureus |
|
Definition
| causes Staphyloccal scalded skin syndrome; impetigo bullus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxic shock syndrome; related to a group of enterotoxins; affects endothelial cells, causing leakage, edema, and shock; associated with tampon use; causes rash in both males and females |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| gram positive cocci; catalase positive; coagulase positive (S. aureus only, S. epi. and S. sapro. are coag. neg.); mannitol ferm. positive (S. aureus only); DNAase positive; Novobiocin sensitive |
|
|
Term
| common manifestations of S. aureus |
|
Definition
| skin- impetigo, furuncle, carbuncle, necrotizing fascitis; toxin-mediated- bullus impetigo, SSSS, TSS; deep infection- endocarditis |
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|
Term
| coagulase negative Staphylococci |
|
Definition
| S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus |
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|
Term
| pathogenic factors of S. epidermidis |
|
Definition
| PS/A- capsular polysaccharide/adhesin- used to stick to host cell, and also to various plastics; no toxic factors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| primary cause of UTIs in young females; endogenous in colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram-negative; form chains; non-spore-forming; non-motile; ALL catalase negative |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pyogenes; most ubiquitous strep species |
|
|
Term
| toxic factors of Group A Strep |
|
Definition
| capsule of hyaluronic acid (retards phagocytosis); M-protein on fibrils (avoids phagocytosis); lipotychoic acids (one group focuses on binding to pharyngeal epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| extracellular products of Group A Strep |
|
Definition
| Strep pyrogenic exotoxins (STE); erythrogenic toxin (responsible for rash, strawberry tongue of scarlet fever); hemolysins (Streptolysin O- oxygen labile, antigenic; Streptolysin S- oxygen stable); DNAases- helps bacteria move through pus filled with DNA from dead WBCs; hyaluronidase; C5a peptidase- stops recruitment of phagocytes; streptokinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram positive; catalase negative; B-hemolytic; bacitracin sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streptococcus agalactiae; gram positive; catalase negative; less pathogenic than Group A; leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in neonates; |
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|
Term
| virulence factors of Group B Strep |
|
Definition
| polysaccharide capsule; C5a peptidase (disrupts complement); B-hemolysin (can lyse epi- and endothelium); lipoteichoic acid; C antigen (helps internalize bacteria inside cervival epithelial cells) |
|
|
Term
| common manifestations of Group B Strep |
|
Definition
| neonates: meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis; adult: pneumonia, soft tissue infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streptococcus dysgalactiae; occur in patients with underlying condition; manifests from pharyngitis to sepsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; gram positive cocci; catalase negative |
|
|
Term
| virulence factors of Streptococcus Pneumoniae |
|
Definition
| encapsulated; pneumolysin (interferes with normal function of ciliated UR cells, stimulates cytokines); autolysin (causes disintegration of own cell walls); hyaluronidase |
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|
Term
| lab ID of Strep pneumoniae |
|
Definition
| gram positive cocci; catalase negative; alpha hemolytic; optochin sensitive; quellung reaction positive |
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|
Term
| common manifestations of S. pneumonia |
|
Definition
| leading cause of otitis media and sinusitis; leading bacteria cause of meningitis; leading cause of community acquired pneumonia |
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|
Term
| leading cause of otitis media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading cause of sinusitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading bacterial cause of meningitis (esp. in elderly) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading cause of community acquired pneuomonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endocarditis, IV/renal catheter infections, burns, prosthetic joints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UTI/urethritis/cystitis, young women, urethral syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neonatal: meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis; adult: pneumonia, soft tissue infection |
|
Definition
| Group B Staph. (Staph. galactiae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vancomycin-dependent enterococcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vancomycin resistant enterococcus |
|
|
Term
| common cause of nosocomial UTI and bacteremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| virulence factors of Enterococcus |
|
Definition
| cytolysin; aggregation substance; extracellular surface protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grows on "chocolate" agar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| among leading causes of bacterial meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 causes of bacterial meningitis |
|
Definition
| Strep pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitis |
|
|
Term
| 3rd leading cause of community acquired pneuomonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spore formers of gram positive rods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medusa-head colony appearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| edema factor/lethal factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emetic and diarrheal pathogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes actin polymerization in host cell, creating nest of actin around bacteria, which causes bacteria to be shot out of cell to next host cell |
|
|
Term
| gastoenteritis (esp. in pregnant women) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erysipelothrix rusiopathiae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevention of Ach release that leads to flaccid paralysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large amounts of N and H gas that leads to swelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toxins A (enterotoxin) and B (cytotoxin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3rd cause of neonatal meningitis, pneumonia, and skin infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lactose-positive fermentor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 80-90% of Escherichia coli strains causing UTIs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strep pneumoniae and Klebsiella; used for organisms with heavy capsules |
|
|
Term
| important agent of UTI in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H2S (hydrogen sulfide) positive, unable to ferment lactose |
|
Definition
| Salmonella enterica (E. coli CAN ferment lactose) |
|
|
Term
| bloody diarrhea with mucoid stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading cause of diarrhea in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with Helicobacter pylori and Proteus |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of gastritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ubiquitous- found EVERYWHERE! |
|
Definition
| Pseudomonas- very common nosocomial pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein synthesis blocker unique to Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "fried egg" growth on culture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no cell wall; "fried egg" growth on culture; membrane contains cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attach to microvilli in UR tract; tend to stay in upper resp. tract; atypical pneumonia, croup, bronchitis; virulence factors- cold agglutinins, cause RBCs to coagulate at cold temp., used to Dx |
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|
Term
| atypical pneumonia (most common cause of pneumonia in college-age kids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies made in response to RBCs at 4 degrees centigrade that causes them to coagulate, used for Dx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infect endothelial cells; rash, edema, vasculitis, headache, fever; usually transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a.k.a. epidemic typhus; carried by LOUSE; characterized by rash; occasionally, organ failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endemic typhus, more popular in U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; ticks are primary reservoir; headache, fever, rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rickettsia rickettsii; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
|
|
Term
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monocytic Ehrlichiosis; non-specific febrile disease of 3 week duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; deer/dog tick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "ultimate intracellular pathogen"; induces inapparent infections; life cycle- elementary bodies that infect but aren't pathogenic, reticulate bodies that are metabolically active but not pathogenic, and on condensation back to EBs, release and migrate; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in poultry workers; leads to atypical pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram negative; often in various aquatic environments; part of normal oropharyngeal flora |
|
|
Term
| Treponema pallidum pallidum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treponema pallidum endemicum |
|
Definition
| bejel; non-venereal syphilis |
|
|
Term
| Treponema pallidum pertiune |
|
Definition
| yaws; skin lesions, bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pinta; skin lesions in kids in tropics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| louse born epidemic relapsing fever |
|
|
Term
| Borrielia hermsii, duttonii |
|
Definition
| fast tick born endemic relapsing fever |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| black-legged deer tick transmits Lyme Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aquatic; jaundice; leptospirosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acid fast; non-motile obligate aerobes; no toxins; all intracellular; mycolic acids (inhibit penetration of antibiotics); disease caused by delayed hypersensitivity reaction |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| virulence factors- Ag 85 complex, influence formation of tubercle; mycobacterium form granulomas, which lead to tubercles; |
|
|
Term
| causative agent of gingivitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical debridement; antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| causative agents of pharyngitis |
|
Definition
| viruses!; group A strep. (S. pyogenes); Neisseria gonorrhea; Hemophilus influenza type B; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Chlamydophilia pneumoniae; Staph. aureus; Candida albicans |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of pharyngitis |
|
Definition
| group A Strep. (Streptococcus pyogens) |
|
|
Term
| pharyngitis in kids under 3 |
|
Definition
| rarely have exudates; more likely to have a little fever and rhinorrhea; very likely to otitis media |
|
|
Term
| 10% asymptomatic carriage in general population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scarlet fever; group A strep; produced by erythrogenic toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scarlet fever; group A strep; later stages of erythrogenic toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group A strep; caused when group A strep is itself infected with a virus which results in production of erythrogenic toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scarlet fever; group A strep |
|
|
Term
| a peritonsilar abscess complication of scarlet fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram positive; catalase negative; cocci in chain; B-hemolytic; bacitracin sensitive |
|
|
Term
| causative agents of epiglottitis |
|
Definition
| viral; mycoplasma; Hib (Hemophilus influenzae type B) |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of epiglottitis |
|
Definition
| Hib (Hemophilus influenzae type B) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hib (Hemophilus influenzae type B) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causative agents of group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causative agents of otitis externa |
|
Definition
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Swimmer's Ear); S. epidermidis; S. aureus |
|
|
Term
| superficial inflammation of skin around the ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| swelling of tympanic membrane, usually some obstruction to normal Eustachian tube clearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| topicals (neomycin, polymixin); corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| causative agents of otitis media |
|
Definition
| 1. Strep. pneumoniae; 2. Hib (Hemophilus influenzae type B); 3. Moraxella cattarhalis |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of otitis media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start with amoxicillin, although there is a great deal of resistance due to overuse |
|
|
Term
| causative agents of sinusitis |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pneumoniae; Hib; Strep. pyogenes; Mycoplasma pneuomoniae; Moraxella) |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of sinusitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| almost always preceeded by common cold, blockage of sinuses, cough from post-nasal drip |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diptheriae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 upper respiratory infections |
|
Definition
| 1. otitis externa; 2. otitis media; 3. sinusitis; 4. epiglottitis; 5. pharyngitis; 6. diptheria; 7. pertussis |
|
|
Term
| 4 lower respiratory tract infections |
|
Definition
| 1. bronchitis; 2. typical pneumonia; 3. atypical pneumonia; 4. empyema |
|
|
Term
| causative agents of acute bronchitis |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae; Streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| causative agents of chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
| Hib; Streptococcus aureus; Aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
| productive cough that can last for months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause of acute bronchiolitis (in infants) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causative agents of typical pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pneumoniae; Hib; Moraxella; nosocomial: Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of typical pneumoniae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nosocomial cause of typical pneumoniae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lab ID of Strep. pneumoniae |
|
Definition
| gram positive; P disc sensitive; catalase negative; Quellung reaction positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 25% of resistant to 3-5 different drugs; but, PCN, vancomycin, fluoroquinolones |
|
|
Term
| can spread to cause meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumonia that cannot be visualized on a gram stain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute onset, radiographic evidence, crackles, fever, tachycardia, tachypinea, high potential for bacteremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumonia of milder infection, only one lobe involved, gradual onset, dry cough, fever, headache |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causative agents of atypical pneumoniae |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Chlamydia psittaci; Chlamydia pneumoniae; Legionella pneumoniae; Coxiella burnetti |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of atypical pneumoniae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from inhaling bird poop, fever, lower respiratory tract infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rx of atypical pneumoniae |
|
Definition
| tetracycline; azithromycin |
|
|
Term
| circulating antibodies associated with atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sheep related atypical pneumoniae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| formation of tubercle, breaks down to release organisms, bacteremia, dissemination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading cause of death by bacteria worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asymptomatic with mild infection; mild malaise; no consolidation of lungs; formation of granuloma then tubercles; healing is spontaneous, leads to calcified bode (Gohn lesion or Gohn tubercle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple granuloma; rupture of tubercles with release of organisms; significant and sudden weight loss; chills, fevers, night sweats; abnormal chest x-rays with significant destruction of lung tissue; reactivation of an infection that was latent; can range from sputum to a cavetacious disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rupture of tuberculosis into pleural spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces cheese-like product in lungs of Tb infected individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multi-drug resistant Tb; resistant to 2 or more first-line Tb drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isoniazide; rifampin; streptomycin; perazanomide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a vaccine from Mycobacterium bovis |
|
Definition
| enhances formation of granulomas from primary infection of Tb, which may sequester bugs for longer, avoiding evolution into secondary Tb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensively drug resistant Tb; resistant to all or most anti-Tb drugs; considered to be separate from MDR Tb drugs |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of both community and nosocomial UTI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cystitis (bladder infection); urethritis |
|
|
Term
| UTI presentation in kids younger than 2 |
|
Definition
| non-specific symptoms: fever, vomiting, failure to thrive |
|
|
Term
| burning and stinging at perineum; frequent urination; cloudy or pink urine; suprapubic pain; protein in urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fever; loin pain; flank pain; back pain; nausea; also symptoms of lower UTI; can lead to bacteremia, especially in elderly with nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
| symptoms of pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
| E. coli; Klebsiella; Enterobacter; Proteus; S. saprophyticus |
|
Definition
| causative agents of community-acquired UTIs |
|
|
Term
| causative agent of UTI that is related to stones and more common in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E. coli; Enterococcus; S. epidermidis; Pseudomonas |
|
Definition
| causative agents of nosocomial UTIs |
|
|
Term
| female; young adults; functionally and anatomically intact urinary tract; outpatient; 80% E. coli; antimicrobial resistance infrequent; oral therapy; respond to short courses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male; older adult; functionally and anatomically abnormal urinary tract; hospitalized; pregnant; diabetic (multi-resistant); broad range of pathogens; antibiotic resistance; oral/parenteral therapies; longer courses needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 non-UTI renal infections |
|
Definition
| Leptospirosis; disseminated Tuberculosis; Type 1 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis |
|
|
Term
| icterohemorrhagic; shaped like a question-mark; penetrates mucous membranes, skin; some manifestations may be autoimmune induced; Weil's Disease- severe liver and kidney disease; |
|
Definition
| symptoms of Leptospirosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| severe disease of liver and kidney caused by Leptospira interrogans |
|
|
Term
| severe phase of Leptospirosis leads to |
|
Definition
| extreme jaundice and conjunctivitis, kidney and liver dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| mycobacteria disseminate into blood stream following rupture of tubercles; lesions form on kidneys from scarring of necrotic tissue |
|
Definition
| symptoms of disseminated TB |
|
|
Term
| causative agents of Type 1 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis |
|
Definition
| E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus |
|
|
Term
| fever; edema; chills; urinary frequency; signs of obstruction; swollen prostate |
|
Definition
| symptoms of Type 1 Bacterial Prostatitis |
|
|
Term
| treatment of Type 1 Bacterial prostatitis |
|
Definition
| an antibiotic that can penetrate the prostate, like fluoroquinolones or TMP-SMX |
|
|
Term
| abrupt onset; fever; malaise; loin pain; edema; hematuria; proteinuria; oliguria; usually seen in kids 1-5 y.o.; usually secondary to a GAS infection |
|
Definition
| symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| an infection of gut, but toxin causes disease in kidney; TTP (thrombotic thrombocytolytic p); secondary to EHEC or mild gut infection; life threatening |
|
Definition
| symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of deaths throughout the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes non-inflammatory diarrhea in children, inflammatory diarrhea in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stools devoid of blood, pus, or mucous |
|
Definition
| non-inflammatory diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| cause of 75% of cases of traveler's diarrhea |
|
Definition
| enterotoxicogenic E. coli |
|
|
Term
| enterotoxin of Vibrio cholera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| painful straining on defecation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPEC; ETEC; Vibrio cholera |
|
Definition
| causative agents of watery, non-inflammatory diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| attachment-effacement lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enteroaggregative E. coli |
|
|
Term
| profuse bloody diarrhea refers most often to this (36% of cases in US) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| undercooked hamburger meat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sorbitol-negative inflammatory diarrhea-producer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with shrimp, oysters, clams, lobsters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most important Vibrio species in U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammatory diarrhea, no matter the cause, is diagnosed by what? |
|
Definition
| white blood cells in the stool |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of bacterial diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause of gastroenteritis in daycare settings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading cause of food poisoning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with fried rice; heat stable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dry mouth; blurred vision; pupil dilation; ptosis; slurred speech; respiratory paralysis |
|
Definition
| Clostridium botulinum; botulism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H. pylori; urea is swallowed, and then hydrolyzed in stomach by urease of H. pylori, to create radioactive CO2 product, which is measured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Salmonella enterica (typhoid fever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GAS; occurs in upper layers of epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impetigo; GAS; non-bullous impetigo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S. aureus; rub thumb on skin and it exfoliates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stye; folliculitis of eye |
|
Definition
| Pseudomonas; associated with hot tubs and swimming pools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diabetic predisposition; slow, incubating reddish-brown lesion |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium minutissimum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fish finger, whale finger |
|
Definition
| erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (disease: erysipeloid) |
|
|
Term
| starts off as purpulous lesion |
|
Definition
| fish finger, whale finger; erysipeloid |
|
|
Term
| Type 1; involves co-infection of an anaerobic and an aerobic organism |
|
Definition
| Type 1 Necrotizing Fascitis; anaerobic- Bacteroides, Clostridium perfringens; aerobic- GAS, E.coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
| Type 2; pyogenic exotoxins; 60% of diagnosed cases |
|
Definition
| Type 2 Necrotizing Fascitis; involves GAS; dishwater pus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type 2 Necrotizing Fascitis |
|
|
Term
| necrotizing fascitis that specifically affects the genitalia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bronzing of the skin; mousy smell; gas gangrene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with tropics; involves quadriceps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with fish tanks; granulomatous-type lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agent of Buruli ulcer; seen in Africa, central and south America, Malaysia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leprosy; Mycobacterium leprae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puerperal fever, Childbed fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient lies on back, flexes thigh, a nd then cannot extend back down; meningitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passively flex leg and other leg flexes reflexively; meningitis |
|
|
Term
| S. pneumoniae (50% of cases in adults); N. gonorrhea (60% of cases 12-20); Listeria monocytogenes (neonates, pregnant women) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leakage of serum proteins into subarachnoid space due to cytokines increases permeability of BBB |
|
Definition
| acute bacterial meningitis |
|
|
Term
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome |
|
Definition
| meningococcemia; may lead to meningitis |
|
|
Term
| septic emboli; Janeway lesions (a vasculitis); Osler's nodes (thickening of toe pulp) |
|
Definition
| acute endocarditis; S. aureus, GAS, S. pneumonia, Enterococcus fecalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| islands of dead bone; osteomyelitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflexive release of endotoxins following treatment for lyme disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LGV biotype of Chlamydia trachomatis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleic acid amplification test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary stage of syphilis |
|
|
Term
| macropapular rash; coppery hue; condolomata; alopecia |
|
Definition
| secondary stage of syphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the joints; syphilis |
|
|
Term
| saddle nose; hutchinson's teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chancroid; dwarf lesions; school of fish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| granuloma inguinale; Donovanosis; California |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| greenish discharge; treatment with KOH releases fishy odor |
|
Definition
|
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