Term
|
Definition
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Listeria
Bacillus/Clostridia (spores)
Corynebacterium
Mycobacterium (do not stain; acid fast)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall, do not stain)
Actinomyces |
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Term
|
Definition
Enterobacteriaeceae
Salmonella
Shigella
E. coli
Proteus
Yersinia, etc
Acinetobacter
Pseudomonas; Burholderia
Legionella
Helico/Campylobacter
Vibrio
Rickettsia/Ehrlichia/Coxiella
(obligate intracell. parasites)
Neisseria/Haemophilus
Bordetella/Brucella/Bartonella
Francisella/Pasteurella
Bacteroides |
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Term
|
Definition
Borrelia
Treponema
Leptospira
Do not stain |
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Term
|
Definition
C. trachomatis
C. pneumoniae
Obligate intracellular parasites |
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Term
|
Definition
Blood
Internal organs (except stomach, intestines)
Bones
Central nervous system/cerebral spinal fluid
Lymph |
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Term
Importance of Normal Flora |
|
Definition
1.Protect from colonization by pathogens by competition for space and
nutrients and producing substances to inhibit other organisms
2.Help in maturation of immune system (exposure to many antigens-
Natural antibodies)
3.Stimulate development of tissues (eg. Peyer’s patches)
4.Metabolism: Digest substances (cellulose, pectin, xenobiotics),
synthesize substances (Vitamin K, B6, B12, short-chain fatty acids),
remove by-products (H2à CH4)
5. Modulate response to epithelial cell injury
6.Can contribute to or modulate obesity
7.Alter ratios of bile salts in the intestinal tract |
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|
Term
Adverse Effects of Normal Flora
|
|
Definition
1.Some opportunistic (eg. Clostridium difficile; Staph. epidermidis)
2.Dental caries (Streptococcus spp.)/ periodontal disease (anaerobes); SBE
3.Autoimmunity from some natural antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
Biofilms: a complex community of microbes in a 3
dimensional structure, in which the microbes secrete
carbohydrates to adhere tightly to inanimate objects
and to each other |
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Term
Events that take place in all infections |
|
Definition
•Encounter: The agent meets the host
•Portal of Entry: The agent enters the host
•Spread: The agent spreads from the site of entry (localized vs systemic)
•Multiplication: The agent multiplies within the host
•Damage: The agent, the host response, or both cause tissue damage
•Outcome: The agent or the host is eliminated, or persistent infection occurs
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory Tract
Streptococcus pneumoniae
GI
Salmonella enterica
Mucous Membranes
Neisseriameningitidis
Skin
Staphylococcus aureus
Genitourinary Tract
Neisseriagonorrhoeae
Blood
Arthropod-borne- Yersinia, Rickettsia
Borrelia, Malaria, West Nile Virus |
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Term
|
Definition
Fingers
Food
Feces
Flies
Fomites
Fucking |
|
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Term
|
Definition
–Restricted to extracellular environments
•Must avoid phagocytosis
•Must resist complement-mediated killing
•Many produce exotoxins
•May be tissue invasive but remain extracellular
e. g.Staphylococcus aureus, Vibriocholerae, Pseudomonas |
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Term
Facultative Intracellular Pathogens |
|
Definition
–Can grow extracellularly
–Can penetrate and grow within a variety of host cells
•Specialized facultative intracellular- can grow within nonphagocytic cells but are killed by macrophages
•Generalized facultative intracellular-can grow in normal macrophages but usually killed by activated macrophages
•e. g. Salmonella, Mycobacteria, Listeria, Shigella |
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Term
Obligate Intracellular Pathogens |
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Definition
–Require viable host cells for growth
e. g., Rickettsia, Chlamydia
Some protozoa; ALL VIRUSES |
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