Term
| What does wild type mean? |
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Definition
| Normal natural genetic species |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that differs from the wild type genetically |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the nucleotide base sequence that results in genes different to the wildtype |
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Term
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Definition
| A different version of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| The traits/characteristics that are coded from the genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| The base sequence that codes for the phenotype |
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Term
| Why use bacteria to study genetics? |
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Definition
| We know a great deal about their genetics and they can be easily manipulated |
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Term
| How often does a bacteria replicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are bacteria haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the advantage of a bacteria being haploid? |
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Definition
| Only have one version allele and so induced changes can be seen easily |
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Term
| How do bacteria replicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Luria and Delbruck conclude? |
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Definition
| That bacterial inheritance was Darwinian and not due to direct change |
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Term
| How did Luria and Delbruck conduct their investigation? |
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Definition
| They looked at bacterial mutations of the T1 receptor that resulted in bacteriophage resitence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways of bacterial gene transfer? |
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Definition
| Transformation, conjugation and transduction |
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Term
| What is vertical gene transfer? |
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Definition
| Genetic information passed from parent to offspring |
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Term
| What is horizontal gene transfer? |
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Definition
| Genetic information passed from a seperate bacteria to another bacteria |
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Term
| Who discovered transformation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability for bacteria to take up free DNA |
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Term
| What did Fred Griffin do? |
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Definition
| Injected a lethal dead strain of pneumonia into mice and a living non-lethal strain and found that the mouse died |
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Term
| In order to take up free DNA a bacteria must be ________? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gram-negative bacteria is most competent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gram-positive bacteria is most competent? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does natural competence come about? |
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Definition
| When the bacteria is starved |
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Term
| How do in-competent bacteria become transformed? |
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Definition
| They are induced artificially |
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Term
| Name one in-competent bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The information sent from donor to recipient through cell to cell contact |
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Term
| What connects the two bacteria during conjugation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria produces the sex pilus in conjugation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which DNA is copied and given to the recipient during bacterial conjugation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are mob genes used for? |
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Definition
| Transferring non-conjugative plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication of part of the chromosome and then recombination of the replicated genes into the plasmid |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of genetic information by accident by a faulty bacteriophage |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of transduction? |
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Definition
1)Bacteriophage infects cell
2)New bacteriophage forms around old bacteria's DNA by accident
3)When faulted bacteriophage infects next bacteria the old bacteria's DNA is incorporated instead |
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Term
| What was the original path taken by geneticists to identify genotype and phenotype? |
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Definition
| Identifying a phenotype and then matching the genotype |
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Term
| How do modern geneticists identify genotype and phenotype? |
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Definition
| Choose the gene from the DNA and work out how it affects the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| The acquisition, storage and retriveal of DNA |
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Term
| Which bacterium is used as a genetic model? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three other versions of harmful E. coli |
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Definition
| Black death, meningitis and gastroenteritis |
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Term
| How quickly does the E. coli chromosome replicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a bacteria chromosome differ from a human chromosome? |
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Definition
| Haploid and genes with a related functions are clustered together on one chromosome |
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Term
| How many proteins does the chromosome of E.coli code? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the chromosome begin replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the chromosome stop replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the bacterial chromosome replicate? |
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Definition
| By forking off to go round both clockwise and anticlockwise round the circle |
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Term
| What is significant about the Streptomyces coelicolor bacteria? |
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Definition
| It has a linear chromosome |
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Term
| What percentage of bases code for proteins in a bacterial chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of bases in a bacterial chromosome are involved in gene expression and structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is at the 5' end of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is at the 3' end of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an annotation file? |
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Definition
| The base sequence of an organisms with the interpretation of each gene in the sequence |
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Term
| How many reading frames does each genome have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A computer software that identifies the reading frames, decodes the genome into amino acids and then tells you what each gene does |
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Term
| How do we identify what causes some strains of a bacteria to pathogenic and others to be harmless? |
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Definition
| Compare the genomes and look at which genes are different |
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Term
| Replication is _________? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does semi-conservative replication refer to? |
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Definition
| How when DNA is replicated one strand is always left unchanged so half of the original DNA is retained |
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Term
| What is required in order for DNA replication to occur? |
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Definition
| Template strand, DNA polymerase, primers and free base nucleotides |
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Term
| What are the six types of DNA mutations? |
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Definition
| Base-pair changes, frameshifts, deletions, insertions, duplications and inversions |
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Term
| What are the two types of base-pair change mutations? |
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Definition
| Transitions and transversions |
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Term
| What is a transitional base-pair change mutation? |
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Definition
| Purine for purine or pyramidine for pyramidine |
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Term
| What are the two purines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two pyramidines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways base-pair change mutations occur? |
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Definition
| Mispairing, deaminationa and oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the base pair is changed when replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| When thymine is deaminated to uracil which would cause a base pair with A |
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Term
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Definition
| When Go pairs adenine instead of thymine |
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Term
| What are the three consequences of base-pair mutations? |
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Definition
| Silent, missense or nonsense |
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Term
| What is a silent mutation? |
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Definition
| A base-change mutation that codes for the same amino acid despite the change. No change in phenotype is observed |
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Term
| What is a missense mutation? |
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Definition
| A base-change mutation that codes for a dfferent amino acid despite the change. A change in phenotype is sometimes observed |
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Term
| What is a nonsense mutation? |
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Definition
| A base-change muation that results in the formation of a STOP codon that ends the mRNA sequence. A change in the phenotype is often observed |
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Term
| What is a frameshift mutation? |
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Definition
| A deletion/insertion of a base-pair that results in the reading frame being shifted |
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Term
| What do frameshift mutations lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do frameshift mutations occur? |
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Definition
| Slippages of base pairs during replication that results in a deletion/insertion |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of a large scale deletion? |
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Definition
1)Gene X contains two similar genes either side
2)DNA loops over pushing the two identical genes next to each other
3)Two similar genes recombine deleting the gene between them |
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Term
| What is a deletion mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are deletion mutations dependent on? |
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Definition
| How essential the deleted genes are |
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Term
| What is an inversion mutation? |
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Definition
| Where a gene changes direction |
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Term
| What is a duplication mutation? |
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Definition
| Where a gene is copied again into the genome |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of an inverison mutation? |
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Definition
1)Gene X contains two similar genes either side
2)The DNA loops pushing the two identical genes parallelel to each other
3)Two similar genes recombine inverting the gene between them |
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Term
| What does an inversion look like on a comparison computer programme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of a duplication mutation? |
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Definition
1)Gene X contains two similar genes either side
2)The DNA line up side by side
3)Two similar genes recombine to leave Two similar genes either side and one in the middle of the duplicated DNA |
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Term
| Which mutation is unstable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the consequence of an unstable duplication? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are two bacterial chromosomes recombined? |
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Definition
| By inversion/duplication mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| A piece of rouge DNA that intends to get into every organism |
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Term
| What are the two consequences of the insertion of a transposon? |
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Definition
| Gene inactivation and protein polarity after transcription |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of an insertion? |
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Definition
1)Trasnposon uses transposase enzyme to insert itself into the middle of a gene
2)Gene is now cut and can no longer be transcribed |
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Term
| What is the transposase enzyme? |
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Definition
| The enzyme that cuts open the gene for the addition of a transposon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mutation frequency equation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does m stand for in the mutation frequency equation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does N stand for in the mutation frequency equation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical/s induce mismatch mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical/s induce deamination? |
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Definition
| Nitrous acid and hydroxylamine |
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Term
| What chemical/s induce oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two physical inductions? |
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Definition
| Acridine dyes and UV light |
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Term
| What does acridine dyes induce? |
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Definition
| The replication of a base bair |
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Term
| What does UV light induce? |
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Definition
| The dimer formation of T-T to remove two pare pairs |
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Term
| What are the three ways of repairing DNA after UV light exposure? |
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Definition
| -> Photoreactivation, excision repair and post-replication recombination |
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Term
| What is the only mutagenic way of keeping the effects of UV light? |
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Definition
| SOS repair (Two random base pairs inserted) |
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Term
| What are the two types of selection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is general selection? |
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Definition
| Screening for mutants out of the whole population |
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Term
| What is specific selection? |
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Definition
| Designing a way for all bacteria to be mutants |
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Term
| What are the three ways of selecting mutants? |
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Definition
| negative, positive and enrichment |
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Term
| What is negative mutantsselection? |
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Definition
| Selection that kills off mutants |
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Term
| What is positive mutant selection? |
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Definition
| Selection that kills of wild types |
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Term
| What is enrichment mutant selection? |
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Definition
| Killing off some mutants to identify them and then killing off remaining wild types |
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