Term
| What are the advantages of molecular testing? |
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Definition
- Quicker than culture
- More sensitive and specific
- Batch tests
- Useful for epidemiology
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Term
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Definition
| Charactersitics encoded for by DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene that is always expressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene that is expressed only under certain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic characteristics that are visually expressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Duplication of the chromosome (cell divides into 2 daughter cells) |
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Term
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Definition
Synthesis of a single strand of RNA
DNA --> mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
Synthesis of amino acids which are the building blocks of protein which are used to synthesize many structures needed by the bacterial cell
(one gene codes for one protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| A discreet structure containing all the genes of the bacterial cell (also called genome) |
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Term
| What are the 2 functions of bacterial cells? |
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Definition
- Produce proteins needed as building blocks for growth
- Replicate genetic material to pass on to daughter cells
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Term
| What are 4 ways genetic material can be altered (bacterial)? |
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Definition
- Extra-chromosomal elements
- Mobile genetic elements
- Mutations
- Genetic recombination
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Term
| What is an extra-chromosomal element involved in alteration of genetic material? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of a plasmid? |
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Definition
- Code for resistance to antimicrobials
- Code for toxins and other virulence factors
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Term
| Where is a plasmid located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 other names for mobile genetic elements? |
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Definition
- IS elements
- "Jumping genes"
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Term
| What are 2 functions of mobile genetic elements? |
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Definition
- Disrupt and inactivate a gene (losing phenotypic trait)
- May code for something new!
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Term
| What are 2 major types of gene mutations? |
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Definition
- Point mutation
- Frame shift
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Term
| What is a point mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Insertion of several new nucleotide bases or deletion of several in a gene causing the gene to be read at a different starting point. |
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Term
| How often do bacterial genetic mutations occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinds of mutagenic agents can cause mutations? |
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Definition
- UB light
- radiation
- chemicals
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Term
| Define genetic recombination |
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Definition
| Genes are tranferred between 2 chromosomes (in 2 different bacterial cells) |
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Term
| What are 3 gene transfer mechanisms? |
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Definition
- Transformation
- Transduction
- Conjugation
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Term
| How does transformation (gene transfer mechanism) occur? |
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Definition
- Uptake and incorporation of "naked" DNA into new cell
- new DNA inserted into plasmid DNA (cells must be "competent")
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Term
| Which are some species of bacteria that are considered genetically "compitent" and can gain new plasmid DNA via transformation? |
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Definition
- S. pneumoniae
- H. influenzae
- N. gonorrhoeae
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Term
| Define transduction as related to baterial genetics. |
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Definition
| The transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage (virus) |
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Term
| What are the two outcomes of transduction (bacterial genetics)? |
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Definition
- Phage DNA direct the bacterial DNA to produce phage DNA plus the protein coat (cell is killed)
- Phage DNA inserts into bacterial chromosome which enters the state of lysogeny (cell is not killed)
example: Croynebacterium diphtheriae |
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Term
| Define conjugation as related to bacterial genetics. |
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Definition
- Transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to a recipient cell
- "sexual" reproduction in bacteria
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Term
| How does a bacteria transfer genetic information via conjugation? |
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Definition
- Pilus from donor to recipient
- Can transfer chromosomal or plasmid DNA
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Term
| What is the purpose of a restriction enzyme within a bacterial cell? |
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Definition
| Cuts foreign DNA at specific places so that they can be incorporating into the cell's chromosomes |
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Term
| What are ways that restriction enzymes are used in research labs? |
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Definition
- Diagnostic tests
- Epidemiology
- Genetic research
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