Term
how long ago was earth formed?
where did the O2 come from? |
|
Definition
4.5 billion years ago
from photosynthetic cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
| what have been produced in experiments by scientists? |
|
Definition
| amino acids, sugars, nucleotide bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA came before cells because it can carry genetic information and can catalyze reactions (translation). |
|
|
Term
| endosymbiosis and the evidence therein. |
|
Definition
the eukaryotic cell originated as a community of prokaryotes
1) mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA
2) they are both surrounded by two membranes
3) they both have prokaryote-like ribosomes
4) they both divide by binary fission |
|
|
Term
PROTISTA:
1) how diverse are they?
2) what are they a model for?
3) in the ocean, what are they?
4) what major gas do they produce?
5) what may have evolved from them? |
|
Definition
1)they are very diverse
2) they are the simplest model for cellular differentiation
3) they make up mot "phytoplankton" at the base of the food chain in the ocean
4) they are a major producer of oxygen in the atmosphere
5)multicellular life may have evolved from colonial protists |
|
|
Term
| what do fungi use to store energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what category does Fungi fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the cell wall of fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do Fungi digest their food? |
|
Definition
| externally. they secrete enzymes and then absorb organic molecules. |
|
|
Term
| what is the kind of fungi that is involved in mutualism? what do they do? |
|
Definition
mycorrhizal fungi
they help the plant absorb h20 and minerals at the roots |
|
|
Term
| what kind of fungi lives in super harsh conditions? what kind of associations do they create? |
|
Definition
| lichens. they are symbiotic associations. |
|
|
Term
| how is nitrogen fixation by bacteria important? |
|
Definition
| bacteria convert nitrogen into forms that plants can use to build nitrogenous bases (nucleotides) and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| fungi does what? (and also breaks down...) |
|
Definition
| Fungi decompose dead organisms and recycle them. They also break down cellulose. |
|
|
Term
| how do fungi eliminate their competition? |
|
Definition
| they kill bacteria so that they have more dead things to eat. however, bacteria can adapt and become resistant. |
|
|
Term
| when did mass extinction occur? |
|
Definition
| between 500 and 600 million years ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasitic chemical that can only reproduce within a living organism. viruses are not living. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they copy RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase |
|
|
Term
| how do new viruses arise? |
|
Definition
| they spread to new organisms when an ecosystem has been disturbed |
|
|
Term
| what domains does prokaryotes include? |
|
Definition
| archae and bacteria domains |
|
|
Term
| do prokaryotes have a nucleus or organelles? |
|
Definition
| no, they are structurally simple. |
|
|
Term
| what are the oldest and most numerous life forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are some characteristics of plants?
what kind of tissue do they have? |
|
Definition
they are self-feeders, they prevent soil erosion
they have vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does the cuticle of a plant do? |
|
Definition
| it reduces water loss with its waxy coating and allows gas exchange |
|
|
Term
what do the roots do?
what are they aided by? |
|
Definition
they absorb water and minerals and support the plant.
they are aided by mycorrhizal fungi. |
|
|
Term
| what are the well-defined evolutionary groups that are mostly multicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kingdom is very diverse and unicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stem
what does surrounding water do? |
|
Definition
supports plant and may perform photosynthesis.
surrounding water supports the algae |
|
|
Term
| what is the nucleus of a eukaryote like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the fact that fungi have chitin in their cell wall show about them? |
|
Definition
| it shows that they are more closely related to animals than to plants. |
|
|
Term
| selection that favor two or more extreme phenotypes is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The idea that geological processes have occurred in the past as they are occurring today is characterized as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are artificial selection and natural selection similar? |
|
Definition
| They both select for specific traits within a population. |
|
|
Term
| The loss of genetic diversity is associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does genetic drift reduce or increase the genetic variation in a population?> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effect of genetic drift is much more significant in ________ populations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the frequency of an allele reaches 1.0, the allele is said to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as: |
|
Definition
| descent with modification |
|
|
Term
| The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Its observable properties,
The action of single and/or multiple genes,
Usually influenced by environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first land vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs only in populations that meet which of the following requirements? |
|
Definition
Mutations do not occur,
Individuals mate at random
incorrect, Natural selection does not occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flexible rod that forms beneath the nerve cord |
|
|
Term
| when did amniotic eggs come to be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fishes are about ____ of all vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jaws (came from folding ribs), lungs (internal sac-like structure for gas-exchange), 1st to have backbone |
|
|
Term
If you wanted to do the following, what would you use?
dentify missing persons,
Establish genetic relationships,
Identify remains,
Identify disease-causing genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process used to determine the order of bases in DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process used to determine the order of bases in DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process used to rapidly produce DNA sequences of interest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since polymerase chain reaction requires a heating process the DNA polymerase that is used comes from a bacterium living in hot or cold environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does DNA sequence do? |
|
Definition
Explain how the cell turns each gene on or off,
How the gene's encoded protein folds into its final shape,
Explain the function of the protein,
incorrect, Explain what happens if the gene mutates |
|
|
Term
| To make DNA from mRNA, or if a scientist wanted a bacterium to produce a human protein, what technique would they use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the large-scale changes in the diversity of biological organisms. |
|
|
Term
| How does a difference in chromosome number lead to hybrid infertility? |
|
Definition
| Meiosis is blocked, so gametes cannot form. |
|
|
Term
| Polyploidy represents a ______ type of reproductive barrier. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is a species with a small population more likely to undergo an extinction? |
|
Definition
| there will be less genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
| The difference between a mass extinction and the background extinction rate is |
|
Definition
| the # of species involved and the time period involved |
|
|
Term
| The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time, new species have originated and existing species have disappeared. The term that best describes this ever changing panorama of life is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ernst Mayr defined a biological species as: |
|
Definition
| A population or group of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having three or more sets of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| A tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) plant species would normally be ______________; whereas a plant species with three sets of chromosomes would normally be ______________. This is due to whether or not meiosis may be completed correctly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of natural selection? (5) |
|
Definition
| individuals have traits that vary, they pass this variation onto their offspring, their are too many offspring for all to survive due to limited resources, those that are most suited for their environment are most likely to survive and pass their alleles to offspring, and therefore over time favorable alleles become more frequent and unfavorable alleles less frequent |
|
|
Term
| By using fossil evidence, paleontologists have concluded that most species exist from |
|
Definition
| One million to ten million years before extinction |
|
|
Term
| It is believed that the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history have been: |
|
Definition
| Impact of Earth with a large celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evolutionary trees, Depict species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
|
|
Term
| What must occur in order for natural selection to occur in an "RNA world"? |
|
Definition
| RNA molecules must undergo mutations, RNA molecules must replicate. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following provides the strongest support for the idea that mitochondria were once independent organisms? |
|
Definition
| They have their own DNA and ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| The Primate order arose about how many years ago? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Humans
Orangutans
Chimpanzees
Gorillas |
|
|
Term
| when did the earliest cells arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do bacteria have membrane-bound organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary component making up the cell walls of bacteria is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell receives bacterial DNA from a bacteriophage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell takes up naked DNA without cell to cell contact |
|
|
Term
| bacteria can multiply rapidly because of what 3 things? |
|
Definition
| they have a lot of genetic diversity, the multiply so rapidly (short generation time), and horizontal gene transfer |
|
|
Term
| which is the smallest unit that can evolve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chance changes in the gene pool of a SMALL POPULATION. (random) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drastic reduction in a population size due to a disaster |
|
|
Term
| what is the order from 1st cells to 1st mammals? |
|
Definition
| 1st cells, eukaryotic cells, multicellular life, 1st land plants, 1st land animals (arthropods), 1st amphibians, 1st reptiles, 1st mammals |
|
|
Term
| did we evolve from chimpanzees? or do we share a common ancestor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trade the human species from domain to species |
|
Definition
| domain: eukaryote, kingdom: animalia, phylum: chordata subphylum: veterebra, class: mammals, order: primate, family: hominids, genus: homo, species: sapiens |
|
|
Term
| in order for hardy equilibrium to be in place, what 5 things must happen? |
|
Definition
| 1) no mutations 2)large population size 3)random mating 4)no migration 5)no natural selection |
|
|
Term
| tunicates and lancelets are in what subphylum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fishes have what 3 things? what were they the 1st to have? |
|
Definition
| they have jaws, which came from folding ribs; lungs; backbone |
|
|
