Term
18.1 Finding order in Diversity
Why Classify? |
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Definition
1. To name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
2. Helps when studying the diversity of life. |
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Term
18.1 Finding order in Diversity
Taxonomy- |
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Definition
| the study of classifying organisms and assigning each to a universally accepted name. |
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Term
18.1 FInding order in Diversity
Binomial nomenclature-
names- |
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Definition
a scientific name for every species.
genus and species. |
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Term
18.1 Finding order in Diversity
rules for writing scientific names- |
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Definition
1. Genus is capitalized.
2. Species is not capitalized.
3. Both are underlined or written in italics. |
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Term
18.1 Finding order in Diversity
Felis domesticus and Felis concolor belong to the same______but to a _______species. |
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Definition
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Term
18.1 Finding order in Diversity
Carolus Linnaeus- |
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Definition
| (1707-1778), developed a hierarchical system of classification. |
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Term
18.1 Finding order in Diversity
Taxon levels (taxa)- |
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Definition
KPCOFGS
a. Kingdom (broadest taxon, many different types of organisms)
b. Phylum
c. Class
d. Order
e. Family
f. Genus
g. Species (the most specific taxon, can breed together and produce fertile offspring) |
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Term
18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Organisms are grouped and named by studying- |
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Definition
a. physical and behavioral similarities and differences
b. evoulutionary history (phylogeny), often shown in a cladogram (a diagram that shows relationships bettween organisms)
c. biochemical comparisons (ex.-DNA and RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagram that shows relationships between organisms |
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Term
18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Dichotomous Key- |
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Definition
| contains descriptive information to aid in identification of organisms. |
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Term
18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The 6 Kingdom classification system of today- |
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Definition
| Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
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Term
18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The 3 Domains of today (based on molecular analyses)- |
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Definition
a. Eukarya
b. Bacteria
c. Archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of Protista, FUngi, Plantae, and Animalia |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of Eubacteria only |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of Archaebacteria only |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotes that are the smallest and most common microorganisms. |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria
Two Kingdoms- |
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Definition
| Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
1. have 1 or 2 cell membranes and a cell wall
2. live almost everywhere |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria
Archaebacteria- |
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Definition
1. cell membrane and cell wall are more like eukaryotes than the Eubacteria
2. Classified by the extreme environments they live in
a. oxygen free environments-swamps and animal digestive systems (produce methane gas)
b. Salt Water-Great Salt Lade and Dead Sea in Middle East.
c. Hot, acidic sulfur springs-Yellow Stone National Park |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria
Classification of both Kingdoms is based on- |
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Definition
Grouping- makes the prefix of the name
Shapes- make suffix of the name
Gram Staining
Metabolic Diversity
Releasing energy
Growth and Reproduction-(can divide up 1 time every 20 minutes) |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria Classification
Grouping-
1. single
2. pairs
3. chains
4. clusters |
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Definition
Makes the prefix of the name
1. no prefix
2. diplo
3. strepto
4. staphylo |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria Classification
Shapes-
1. round
2. rods
3. spiral |
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Definition
make suffix of the name
1. cocci (coccus)
2. bacilli (bacillus)
3. spiralla |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria Classification
Gram Staining
1.
2. |
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Definition
1. gram positive-purple
2. gram negative-pink(have an extra layer that resists stain and antibiotics)(hard to treat) |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria Classification
Metabolic diversity- |
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Definition
| Chemoheterotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| must take in organic molecules for energy and a supply of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| use sunlight to make energy, but must take in organic molecules for a supply of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| use sunlight for energy and carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| use energy from reactions with ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, sulfur, or iron. Get carbon from carbon dioxide (like photoautotrophs) |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria Classification
Releasing energy-
1. obligate aerobes
2. obligate anaerobes
3. facultative anaerobes |
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Definition
1. require a constant supply of oxygen
2. must live in the absence of oxygen
3. can survive with or without oxygen |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria Classification
Growth and Reproduction
1. binary fission
2. conjugation
3. spore formation |
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Definition
1. (mitosis) asexual, one cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
2. a hollow bridge forms between 2 bacteria, they exchange genes. This increases genetic diversity.
3. happens when conditions become unfavorable. Ex.- endospores, can stay dormant for years. |
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Term
19-1 Bacteria
Importance of Bacteria- |
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Definition
a decomposers
b. nitrogen fixers
c. produce and flavor foods
d. produce antibiotics
e. genetically engineered to eat oil, and make human growth hormone and insulin
f. digest food (intestines)
g. make vitamins
h. have digestive enzymes for drain cleaners and laundry detergent |
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Term
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Definition
| recycle nutrients and wastes(sewage) |
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Term
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Definition
| convert nitrogen gas into a form plants can use |
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Term
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Definition
| pickles, cheese, and yogurt, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
bacteria produce disease by-
a.
b. |
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Definition
a. damaging cells or tissue of infected organism to use for food
b. releasing toxins (poisons) that can travel through the body |
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Term
| prevention of diseases cause by bacteria- |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment of diseases caused by bacteria- |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of diseases caused by bacteria- |
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Definition
| strep throat, ear infections, tooth decay, tetanus, staph infections, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| heat (sterilization), disinfectants, treat with chemicals such as salt, vinegar, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extremely small parasitic particle that is on the borderline of living and nonliving |
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Term
| Viruses are not__________of______and can not ____ ______________. |
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Definition
| composed;cells;live independently |
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Term
| Viruses can_____,________,_____, and ________ _______ |
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Definition
| infect;replicate;evolve;regulate genes |
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Term
Virus Composition
a. Capsid-
b. Core-
b. |
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Definition
protein coat
DNA or RNA (not both) |
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Term
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Definition
| infected cell, must be specific, virus must match host cell before it can infect it. Ex.-viruses that attack bacteria are bacteriophages |
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Term
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Definition
viral replication (not reproduction)
-the virus (or the viral DNA or RNA) enter host cell
-virus reprograms the host cell to produce and assemble new viruses
-viral enzymes lyse (rupture) the host cell membranes
-the new viruses are release and can infect other cells
-the host cell dies |
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Term
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Definition
| a classification group containing one or more species |
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Term
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Definition
a. the virus (or the viral DNA or RNA) enter host cell
b. viral nucleic acid becomes part of the host cell DNA and replicates as the host cell reproduces (now called a prophage)
c. this can go on for many gereations. Can go undetected for years. Ex.-positive HIV usually develops into AIDS (eventually)
d. something triggers the virus to become active
e. enter the lytic infection cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses that contain RNA instead of DNA Ex.-AIDS |
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Term
| Diseases caused by Viruses include... |
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Definition
| plant and animal diseases Ex. colds, flu, warts, chicken pox, hepatitis, tobacco mosaic virus, etc. |
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Term
| Virus disease prevention- |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Virus diseases genetic engineering- |
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Definition
| use viruses to carry desired genes from one organism to another |
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Term
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Definition
| single strands of RNA that can cause plant diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| protein particles that can cause diseases in animals |
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