Bio: Gram (+); Catalase (-); B-hemolytic;bacitracin sensitive

Virulence: M protein; Streptolysins S and O; Pyrogenic exotoxins (superantigen); streptokinase; Lipoteichoic acid

Pathology:  Spread by respiratory droplets (upper resp); Pharyngitis; Scarlet fever rash; Skin infection (pus forming); Lymph enlargement; toxic shock syndrome; Rheumetic fever; glomerulonephritis; necrotizing fascilitis

Treatment: Penicillin; allergic alternatives are cephalosporin or vancomycin

Bio: Gram (+); Catalase (-); Diplococci (lancet shaped) chain; Facultative anaerobe; a-hemolytic; optichan sensitive; bile soluble

Virulence: Polysacch. capsule (Quellung reaction for ID); IgA protease

Pathology: most common pneumonia; colonize oropharyngeal; meningitis; asplenia patients at higher risk;

Treatment: Penicillin; amoxicillin/vancomycin for resistant strains; vaccine for children + asplenic patients

Bio: Gram (+), cluster cocci; Catalase (+); Coagulase (+); facultative anaerobe; B-hemolytic; gold pigment

Virulence: capsule; Protein A; Coagulase; Hemolysins; Leukocidin; Penicillinase; Lipases; Fibrinolysin; Exfolatin; Enterotoxins; Toxic Shock (superantigen)

Pathology: Gastroenteritis; N&V; non-bloody Diarrhea; Toxic Shock Synd; Scalded skin (peeling baby); Pneumonia; Acute Endocarditis; Osteomyelitis; septic arthritis

Treatment: Oxacillin; vancomycin

Bio: Gram (+), cluster cocci; Catalase (+); Coagulase (-); facultative anaerobe

Virulence: Biofilm

Path: Bacteremia; Endocarditis; Wound infection from catheters/surgery/mechanical prosthesis; UTI; normal outer skin flora

Treatment: Vancomycin

Bio: Gram (+); Endospore (honey/soil); Rod; Obligate Anaerobe;

Virulence: heat-labile A-B neurotoxin inhibiting ACh release at NMJ; motile flagella

Path: Foodborne- cranial nerve palsy, resp. paralysis, flaccid paralysis; Infant- floppy baby syndrome; Wound botulism

Treat: Antitoxin (polyclonal Ab from horse); Penicillin

Bio: Gram (+) rod; Obligate Anaerobe; Spore-forming (soil); non-motile

Virulence: a-toxin (lecithinase) necrotize tissue

Path: Gas Gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis); necrotizing enteritis causing bloody diarrhea & vomitting

Treat: debridement, high-dose penicillin, hyperbaric O2

Bio: Gram (+) rod; Obligate Anaerobe; spores in soil

Virulence: Tetanus toxin- prevents GABA and glycine release; motile flagella

Path: severe muscle contractions; lock jaw

Treat: Penicillin; Metronidazole; tetanus vaccine booster; antitetanus immune globulin

Bio: Gram (+) spore rod; Obligate Anaerobe; difficult to isolate and grow

Virulence: Toxin A (cytotoxin) secretory diarrhea; Toxin B (enterotoxin) neutrophil+cytokine stimulation; Motile flagella

Path: antibiotic-associated colitis; common in hospitalized patients on broad antibiotics

Treat: Oral Metronidazole or Vancomycin

Bio: Gram (+) spore rod; Sheep/Goat fur

Virulence: polypeptide capsule; exotoxins- Edema toxin-adenylate cyclase, lethal toxin-zinc metalloprotease; protective antigen

Path: cutaneous anthrax (black ulceration and central necrosis); inhalation anthrax (massively enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes --> pulmonary hemorrhage)

Treat: Ciprofloxacin; vaccinate animals

Bio: Gram (+) spore rod; Rice dishes;

Virulence: Heat-stable entertoxin-emesis; Heat-labile enterotoxin- diarrhea; Motile; Ocular- cereolysin, phospholipase C, necrotic toxin

Path: Diarrhea + vomiting, gastroenteritis; ocular infection after trauma

Treat: resolves itself

Bio: Gram (-) rod; Facultative anaerobe; Black Plague

Virulence: LPS O-antigen; Lipid A; Capsule Polysacch.; non-motile

Path: spread by flea; Bubonic swelling a lymphs; high fever; sepsis; Conjunctivitis

Treat: Streptomycin; Gentamicin; Doxycycline

E. coli

Enteropathogenic (EPEC)

Bio: Gram (-) rod; Lactose fermenter (purple MacConkeys); H2S production; aerobic

Virulence: LPS; O-antigen; Lipid A; non-motile

Path: infants; watery diarrhea; colony formation on small intestinal epithelium --> microvilli loss (decr. absorption)

Treat: symptomatically

E. coli

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)

Bio: Gram (-) rod; Lactose fermenter (purple MacConkeys); H2S production; aerobic

Virulence: LPS; O-antigen; Lipid A; non-motile

Path: small intestine; enterotoxins incr. cAMP/cGMP --> fluid and electrolyte loss; watery diarrhea and low grade fever (traveler's diarrhea); contaminated water

Treat: symptomatically

E. coli

Enteroinvasive (EIEC)

Bio: Gram (-) rod; Lactose fermenter (purple MacConkeys); H2S production; aerobic

Virulence: LPS; O-antigen; Lipid A; non-motile; shares Shingella virulence factors

Path: Large intestine; BLOODY diarrhea with pus, fever, dysentery; invade enterocytes destroying epith. lining causing inflammation and colitis

Treat: symptomatically

E. coli

Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) O157:H7

Bio: Gram (-) rod; Lactose fermenter (purple MacConkeys); H2S production; aerobic

Virulence: LPS; O-antigen; Lipid A; non-motile;

Path: Large intestine; watery --> bloody diarrhea; NO fever; hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS); Shiga toxin inhibit protein synth.

Treat: Symptomatically

Bio: Gram (-) rod; non-lactose fermenter; non-motile; no H2S produce; Oxidase (-)

Virulence: O-antigen; K-antigen (capsule); H-antigen (flagellum); Shiga toxin; adherence

Path: AB toxin on Peyer's patches, watery --> bloody diarrhea; daycares; human only reservoir; low inoculum

Treat: Fluoroquinolone or TMP-SMX azithromycine

Bio: Gram (-) rod; non-lactose fermenter; oxidase (-); motile; H2S producer

Virulence: multiple flagella; adhesion fimbriae for gut M protein; LPS; capsule

Path: non-bloody diarrhea; Vi antigen (polysach. capsule); travel in macrophage outside of intestines --> typhoid fever (mimic appendicitis, rose spots, splenomegaly); contaminated eggs, poultry, dairy products

Treat: TMP-SMX fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone

Bio: Gram (-) thin rod; Non-lactose ferment; Oxidase (+); Obligate aerobe; blue-green pigment; motile; biofilm; fruity smell

Virulence: capsule, LPS, Exotoxin A (elongation factor EF-2, protein synth.); alkaline protease; flagella; antibiotic resistance

Path: BE PSEUDO- Burns, Endocarditis, Pneumonia, Sepsis, External malign. otitis, UTI, Diabetic osteomyelitis; co-colonize with S. aureus in cystic fibrosis

Treat: combination therapy

Bio: Gram (-) diplococci; Oxidase (+); Glucose + Maltose metabolizer; obligate aerobe;

Virulence: Pili; Por proteins (pores); Opa proteins (adhesion); LOS (lipo-oligosach.); IgA proteases; Siderophores (collect iron)

Path: Most cause of meningitis (stiff neck, fever, chills); meningococcemia (sepsis) purpuric rash; Waterhouse-Friderichsen synd. (hemorrhage adrenal glands); respiratory droplets; antiphag. polysach. capsule

Treat: Penicillin; Rifampin (prophylaxis)

Bio: Gram (-) diplococci; Oxidase (+); Maltose nonfermenter; obligate aerobe; No capsule; Thayer-Martin medium (chocolate agar)

Virulence: Pili; Por proteins (pores); Opa proteins (adhesion); LOS (lipo-oligosach.); IgA proteases; Siderophores (collect iron)

Path: gonorrhea; urethritis (males); cervicitis (female); gonococcal pharyngitis (uncommon); pelvic inflammatory disease (infertility, ectopic pregnancy); septic arthritis; neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia

Treat: ceftriaxone, azithromycin +tetracyclin+doxycycline if co-chlamydia infection

Bio: Gram insensitive; large virus size (small); NO cell wall; Sterol containing; Facultative anaerobe; slow growin; cold agglutinin test; fried egg culture appearance

Virulence: P1 protein (resp. spec. epith. binding);

Path: Atypical "walking" pneumonia; low fever; hacking non-producing cough; patchy bilateral infiltrates in chest radiographs

Treat: tetracyclins, macrolides, 4th gen. fluoroquinolones

Bio:Gram (-) but so small; Obligate Intracellular (do not produce ATP);

Virulence: intracellular growth; replication in endothelial cells

Path: Louse-borne vector; epidemic typhus (rash and fever); vasculitis

Treat: Tetracyclin, Doxycycline

Bio:Gram (-) but so small; Obligate Intracellular (do not produce ATP);

Virulence: intracellular growth; replication in endothelial cells

Path: Rocky Mountain spotted fever; Tick-borne; rash on palms and soles

Treatment: Doxycycline

Bio: Small intracellular (requires host ATP); Gram (-); no peptidylglycan layer (no cell wall); iodine stain

Virulence: Elementary body (EB) coat; Reticulate body (RB) is replicative form; lysozyme resistant

Path: EB ingest into (columnar or transitional epith) cell, RB replicate by binary fission, back to EB before release; neonatal conjunctivitis; trachoma (rough eye); STD: non-gonococcal urethritis; Reiter's syndrome (conjunctivitis, arthritis, urithritis)

Treat: Doxycycline; Azithromycin

Bio: Small intracellular (requires host ATP); Gram (-); no peptidylglycan layer (no cell wall); iodine stain

Virulence: Elementary body (EB) coat; Reticulate body (RB) is replicative form; lysozyme resistant

Path: Pharyngitis; Bronchitis; Pneumonia; Sinusitis; can cause coronary artery disease

Treat: Doxycycline; Erythromycin; Azithromycin

Bio: Small intracellular (requires host ATP); Gram (-); no peptidylglycan layer (no cell wall); iodine stain;Parrot pneumonia

Virulence: Elementary body (EB) coat; Reticulate body (RB) is replicative form; lysozyme resistant

Path: Respiratory infection; pulmonary distress; malaise

Treat: Doxycycline; Erythromycin; Azithromycin

Bio: spirochete shaped; Gram (-) but small; obligate anaerobe (unculturable); FTA-ABS treponemal test

Virulence: Hyaluronidase; adherenche; immunopathogenesis

Path: Syphylis; Primary-painless ulcer (chancre); 2nd- flu, rash, hepatitis; tertiary- neurosyphylis, gumma

Treat: penicillin

Bio: Gram (-) spirochete; motile; darkfield microscopy

Virulence: Endotoxin; relapsing fever (antigenic shift); immunopathogenesis

Path: Lyme disease, erythema migrans (bulls eye), flulike symptoms, swollen glands, musculoskeletal pain, neurological problems (meningitis, encephalitis), cardiac dysfunction, arthritis

Treat: doxycyclin, amoxicillin (early), ceftriaxone (late)

Bio: Acid-fast stains; lipid (wax) mycosides in cell wall; obligate aerobe; reside in macrophage; "red snappers"

Virulence: waxy outer layer; intracellular growth; cord factor

Path: pulmonary TB, infect alveolar macrophages; caseous granulomas b/c inhibit lysosome fusion; Ghon complex (large perihilar lymphs adjacent to granulomas); prefers apices of lungs (aerated); secondary TB from granulomas; immunosuppressed ptn

Treat: purified protein derivative (PPD test) (BCG vaccine false-positives); Isoniazid; rifampin; multidrug therapy

Bio: acid-fast, rod; aerobe; Wax coat (no complement); high lipid cell wall; Armadillo

Virulence: intracellular growth; neurotropism

Path: leprosy, peripheral nerve and sensory damage, foamy macrophages, TH2; Th1- granulomas with langerhans cells

Treat: dapsone and rifampin

Bio: acid-fast, rod; aerobe; Wax coat (no complement); high lipid cell wall;

Virulence: intracellular growth, neurotropism

Path: pulmonary and disseminated disease in AIDs patients

Treat: clarithromycin + ethambutol + rifabutin

Bio: Gram (-); common (S) shaped rod; Oxidase (+); requires salt to grow

Virulence: Cholera (AB toxin) A-toxin increase cAMP increase ion and water secretion; single polar flagellum;

Path: rice-water diarrhea; shellfish; extreme dehydration; sunken eyes

Treat: fluids and electrolytes; doxycycline

Bio: Gram (-) rod; Aerobic; catalase (+); cysteine and iron for growth; AC coolant

Virulence: Capsule; growth in macrophage; secrete phospholipase A

Path: Pontiac fever (flulike); pneumonia

Treat: erythromycin and rifampin

Salmonella

Neisseria

Brucella

Mycobacterium

Listeria

Francisella

Legionella

Yersinia

"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"

Actinomyces

Bacteroides

Clostridium

lack catalase or superoxide dismutase

"Anaerobes know their ABCs"

Nocardia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacillus

"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"

N. gonorrhoeae - Thayer-Martin

M. tuberculosis - Lowenstein-Jensen

Lactose fermenters - MacConkey (turns pink)

Legionella - Charcoal yeast

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

must use host ATP, have ADP/ATP translocator

Pseudomonas - if diabetic

Salmonella typhi - sickle cell

Staphylococcus aureus

(+) Quellung reaction

Strep. pneumoniae

B. anthracis

H. influenzae

N. meninigitidis

Klebsiella pneumoniae

S. typhi

E. coli

Pseudomonas