Term
| Name the two types of passive transport |
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Definition
Does not require energy! Diffusion (very small and uncharged, water, gases, ethanol) Facilitated diffusion, uniport (GLYCEROL) |
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Term
| Name three types of active transport |
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Definition
primary transport (Primary energy source) Secondary Transport Symport, Antiport Group Translocation |
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Term
| Name 3 primary energy sources for primary transport |
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Definition
1. Light energy 2. Redox energy 3. ATP |
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Term
| What type of active transport is unique to bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| In primary transport, what does ABC stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give a couple examples of primary transport |
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Definition
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT ex. uptake of a.a., oligopeptides, sugars excretion of toxins, capsular material, antibiotics |
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Term
| What powers a secondary active transport? |
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Definition
Sometimes the ion or pH gradient set up by a primary transport system. Specific permeases are required |
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Term
What class of transport systems are symports and antiports. Give examples |
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Definition
They are both secondary active transport. Symport: with the transport into a cell, a proton comes with it. ex. bacteria's uptake of a.a or sugar. Antiport: When a proton comes in following the concentration gradient, a substrate goes the other way. L. lactis can bring in a nutrient (malate), while expelling a end product (lactate). |
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Term
| What is another name for the active transport unique to bacteria, group translocation? |
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Definition
PTS PEPs or PEP PTS system. PTS stands for phophotransferase system Remember, group transfering (passing) score points (PTS) |
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Term
How is group translocation different from other active transportation systems? |
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Definition
| When PTS transport sugar into a facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria, the glucose is changed to glucose -6-P |
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Term
| Where does group translocation get its energy source? |
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Definition
It is called the PEP-PTS for a reason! PEP stands for phospho-enol-pyruvate, this is a byproduct of glycolysis. The energy comes from ATP from PEP turning into pyruvate. PEP=POWER FOR GROUP TRANSLOCATION |
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Term
| What type(s) of bacterial transport system is not carrier mediated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type(s) of bacterial transport system are against the conc. gradient? |
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Definition
Active transport and group translocation are Passive Diff. and fac. diff are...NOT |
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Term
| What type(s) of bacterial transport system don't require specificity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type(s) of bacterial transport system modifies the solute during transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Summarize cell metabolism |
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Definition
CATABOLISM Take organic compounds, oxidizing these substrates to make ATP and a waste product. THEN ANABOLISM Take that ATP and take simple compounds and make them into cellular constituents! |
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Term
| What does TCA cycle stand for and what is another name for it? |
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Definition
| Tricarboxylic Acid cycle AKA Kreb's Cycle |
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Term
| Most central catabolic pathways also serve anabolic purposes, this is called _________? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two parts of catabolism |
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Definition
1. oxidative -substrate level phospholyration 2. reductive -electron transport-coupled phosphorylation |
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Term
How much additional ATP is produced from fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to ATP, what other high energy compounds are present and what do this do? |
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Definition
GTP-proteins (ribosome function) UTP (Peptidoglycan manufacture) CTP (Phospholipid membrane manufacture) dTTP (To make LPS) |
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Term
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Definition
| Compound one is oxidized (loses electrons) then compound two is reduced (gains electrons) |
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Term
| What is a redox carrier and what is the most important? |
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Definition
Redox carriers are couplers between the oxidations of a substrate and the electron transport chain in bacteria that use respiration. NAD is MOST COMMON! nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide It can accept ONE PROTON and TWO ELECTRONS as a redox carrier. |
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Term
| What are the three most common redox carriers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of chemoheterotrophic bacteria? |
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Definition
1. Saccharolytic bacteria 2. Asaccharolytic bacteria -i.e. proteolytic bacteria (in mouth) |
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Term
What is another name for glycolysis? What is the way bacteria breakdown glucose into pyruvate? |
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Definition
EMP-Embden Meyerof-Parnas Bacteria also have the pathway called Entner-Doudoroff |
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Term
| How does a bacteria take glucose and break it all the way down to CO2? |
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Definition
Glucose into the glycolysis (or EMP) or Entner-Doudoroff to become pyruvate. Then respiratory chain for complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2. |
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Term
| What enzyme do some bacteria lack that causes them to enter into the Entner-Doudoroff pathway instead of glycolysis? |
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Definition
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE Obligate aerobes lack it and must enter Entner-Doudoroff |
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Term
| In addition to Glycolysis (EMP) and the Entner-Doudoroff, what is another method for bacteria to break down glucose? |
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE CYCLE Advantages: 1. Redox carrier is NADP (not NAD) -many anabolic RXNs need NADP 2. An intermediate is PENTOSE -Is a precursor for cell material |
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Term
| Name the three cycles that convert sugar into pyruvate |
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Definition
1. Entner-Doudoroff -no PFK 2. Glycolysis (EMP) -Substrate level phosphorylation 3. PP Cycle -makes NADP and pentose |
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Term
| What are the net results of glycolysis and TCA? |
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Definition
1. Carbons in glucose are oxidized to CO2 2. Electrons from glucose are transferred to election carriers -->reduction of NAD, NADP, and FAD 3. Net of 2 ATP's and 1 GTP produced 4. Citric acid cycle intermediates recycled |
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Term
| What happens to redox carriers |
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Definition
THEY ARE ALL RECYCLED! -There is only a limited amount in the cell Either fermentation or respiratory chain |
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Term
What is the general rule about bacterial respiration? What are the exceptions to this rule? |
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Definition
The complete citric acid cycle and electron transport do not work in the absence of oxygen. Exceptions: Anaerobic respiration: e-acceptor is not oxygen but nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, fumarate. |
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Term
| What enzyme is inhibited by fluoride? |
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Definition
enolase -The 9th step in the glycolytic pathway |
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Term
| Where does most regulation take place? |
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Definition
The genetic level, usually transcription Quick modification occurs at the post translational level |
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