Term
| What organism causes Aspergillosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can keratitis lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in chicks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in horses? |
|
Definition
| Guttural Pouch Mycosis; Keratomycosis; Keratitis |
|
|
Term
| What is keratitis? (Fungal keratitis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enables Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia in chicks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in guttural pouch mycosis? |
|
Definition
| Plaques on arteries (internal carotid); Aspergillus hyphae in pouch wall |
|
|
Term
| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in dogs? Describe it. |
|
Definition
| Nasal Aspergillosis; Destruction of turbinate bones, profuse blood-tinged exudate from nose |
|
|
Term
| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a distinguishing morphological characteristic of Aspergillus? |
|
Definition
| Fruiting Head (chains of pigmented conidia) |
|
|
Term
| What are some means of visualizing/diagnosing Aspergillus fumigatus? |
|
Definition
| Wet mount from culture (Lactophenol Cotton Blue stain); Culture of Sabouraud Agar; KOH Wet Mount of deep scrapings (tissue or lung sample); Radiograph; Rhinoscopy; Serological Test (AGID) for dogs |
|
|
Term
| Is there a membrane covering the conidia of A. fumigatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of brooder pneumonia. |
|
Definition
| Aspergillus produces elastases & proteases which destroy structural barriers of lung |
|
|
Term
| What is visualized in a wet mount of culture using lactophenol cotton blue stain for Aspergillus? |
|
Definition
| Typical Conidial heads; Fruiting head of conidiophore |
|
|
Term
| What birds are susceptible to Aspergillosis? |
|
Definition
| Chicks, Pigeons, Pet birds |
|
|
Term
| What is present on an aborted calf as a result of Aspergillosis? |
|
Definition
| Raised cutaneous plaques resembling ring-worm lesions |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus mycotic abortion. |
|
Definition
| Aspergillus spores --> Blood --> Placental Invasion --> Impaired Circulation --> Fetal death |
|
|
Term
| What organism can cause fungal keratitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in a corneal section infected w/ A. fumigatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for guttural pouch mycosis in horses? |
|
Definition
| Antifungal Infusion; Surgical Occlusion of artery to prevent bleeding |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. |
|
Definition
| Elastase, proteases, dermonecrotoxin --> Destruction of turbinate bones --> Epistaxis (bleeding from nose) |
|
|
Term
| Can Gram stain be used to diagnose Aspergillosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in necrotic material in the case of Aspergillosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Aspergillosis controlled in poultry? Cattle? |
|
Definition
| Litter change; Avoid bad hay & silage |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for Aspergillosis in horses? |
|
Definition
| Ketoconazole locally + Itraconozole systemically; Natamycin or Miconazole topical for keratitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the preferred Tx for nasal aspergillosis in dogs? What is a 2nd option? |
|
Definition
| Clotrimazole nasal infusion; Fluconazole systemic |
|
|
Term
| Can Gram Stain be used for yeasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of yeasts? What may occur in yeast-infected tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are yeasts commonly found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Malassezia a commensal in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunosuppression; Antibacterial therapy |
|
|
Term
| Is Cryptococcus a commensal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Candida a commensal in the body? |
|
Definition
| Intestinal mucosa, Genital tract, Mouth |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 important yeasts? |
|
Definition
| Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia |
|
|
Term
| What do Candida form in tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dz is caused by Candida? |
|
Definition
| Candidiasis; Moniliasis; Thrush |
|
|
Term
| What is a commensal of the alimentary tract that causes endogenous infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dz does Candida cause in dogs & cats? |
|
Definition
| Mycotic stomatitis; Genital Candidiasis |
|
|
Term
| What does Candida cause in young animals on prolonged antibacterial therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dz does Candida cause in poultry? |
|
Definition
| Crop Mycosis/Thrush/Monoiliasis |
|
|
Term
| What does Candida cause in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the crop of a chicken w/ Monoiliasis/Thrush? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the oral cavity & genital mucosa of dogs & cats w/ Candidiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Candida often proliferates after _____. |
|
Definition
| Prolonged antibacterial therapy |
|
|
Term
| Describe the morphology of Candida albicans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can Gram stain be used for Candida? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Candida diagnosed in a calf w/ enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Gram stain of Fecal smear |
|
|
Term
| What drug can be used to treat Candida-induced enteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Candida albicans switches from ____ to ____ state in tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Candida albicans diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Sabouraud agar culture; KOH wet mount; Gram stain; Latex Agglutination |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of Candidiasis? |
|
Definition
| Candida adheres to mucus membrane; Pseudohyphae invade epithelium; Pseudomembranous ulcerative inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in a Gram stain of Candida? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Latex agglutination kits detect w/ Candida? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for Candida? For GI overgrowth? |
|
Definition
| Nystatin topical or Ketoconazole; Nystatin oral |
|
|
Term
| What is nystatin specific against? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals does Cryptococcus neoformans cause sporadic dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how Cryptococcus neoformans is acquired. |
|
Definition
| Airborne infection --> Nasal Granulomas --> Paranasal Sinuses --> Hematogenous Dissemination |
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf? |
|
Definition
| Sneezing, Snuffing, Mucopurulent/Hemorrhagic Nasal Discharge |
|
|
Term
| How is Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Wet mounts, culture, agglutination test |
|
|
Term
| Can Gram stain be used for Cryptococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used for Tx & Control of Cryptococcus neoformans? |
|
Definition
| Itraconazole; Fluconazole (Both better than Ketoconazole); Decontaminate affected premises |
|
|
Term
| In dogs, symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf. are similar to those associated w/ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name an antivirulence factor of Cryptococcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What distinguishes Cryptococcus from Malassezia & Candida in a wet mount? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Cryptococcus dimorphic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cryptococcus remains in ____ form in both environment (____C) & host (____C). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas are affected by Cryptococcus? Where are lesions located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cats, Cryptococcus spreads from ____ to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be found in the brain of a cat infected w/ Cryptococcus? Why? |
|
Definition
| Cryptococcal capsular mass; Enzymes (phospholipases) disrupt host cell membranes & cause granulomas |
|
|
Term
| What condition is cause by Cryptococcus in cats? What can be seen in tissue sections? |
|
Definition
| Encephalitis; Capsulated Cryptococcus |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Malassezia pachydermatis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Malassezia pachydermatis systemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of Malassezia pachydermatis? |
|
Definition
| Bottle, peanut, or footprint-shaped yeast |
|
|
Term
| What does Malassezia cause in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is associated w/ Malassezia pachydermatis? |
|
Definition
| Chronic Dermatitis (Pruritis, Alopecia, Erythema) |
|
|
Term
| Describe how Malassezia causes chronic dermatitis. |
|
Definition
| Lipids help attachment to cell wall components --> Pruritis --> Skin thickens (elephant-like skin) |
|
|
Term
| How is Malassezia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Gram stain; Wet Mounts; Culture on SAB (fungus) & BA (bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nystatin or Clotrimazole topical; Ketoconazole oral for dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| Among azole drugs, which has the best activity against Malassezia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malassezia in dogs can cause ____ in abdominal area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malassezia infection can cause ____ on the paws. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What yeasts is Nystatin used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main animal species affected by dimorphic fungi blastomycosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does dimorphic fungi blastomycosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary target of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of dimorphic fungi blastomyces? |
|
Definition
| Soil-borne (mycelial phase w/ spores) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis. |
|
Definition
| Aerosol inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions in lungs --> Respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
| Dimorphic fungi display ____ phase in the environment, & ____ phase in the animal body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With dimorphic fungi blastomyces, ____ from ____ may cause inf via respiratory tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dimorphic blastomyces fungi cause canine _____; Fungal cells are seen in epitheliod ____. |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary Blastomycosis; Granuloma |
|
|
Term
| Does blastomyces have a capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Blastomycosis common in USA? CAN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is blastomycosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate; Culture |
|
|
Term
| What form of blastomyces is seen w/ wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of blastomyces is seen w/ culture @ 25C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Itraconazole (oral) for ~60 days |
|
|
Term
| Describe the blastomyces fungus. |
|
Definition
| Thick cell wall, no capsule; hematogenous spread to skin & organs may occur |
|
|
Term
| In pulmonary blastomycosis, what does the lung look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is blastomycosis contagious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are most affected by Histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dimorphic fungus causes Histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of Histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| Soil enriched w/ bat or bird excreta |
|
|
Term
| Where does Histoplasmosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis. |
|
Definition
| Infection via inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions/nodules in lungs; Intestine may be affected |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| Chronic cough, diarrhea, emaciation |
|
|
Term
| How is histoplasmosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Histopath; Buffy coat smear; Serology |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in a blood smear with histoplasmosis? What stain is used? |
|
Definition
| Multiplication of yeast cells in macrophages; Wright stain |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in culture w/ Histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| Mycelia & typical tuberculate macroconidia |
|
|
Term
| Is Histoplasma infectious to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for Histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| Itraconazole or Fluconazole (oral) |
|
|
Term
| Which dimorphic fungus is cartwheel-like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dimorphic fungus causes "Valley disease" in humans? Where? |
|
Definition
| Coccidiodomycosis; Arizona & California |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of Coccidioides immitis? |
|
Definition
| Soil or dust-borne; Southern USA; S Am |
|
|
Term
| What animal is most affected by coccidioidomycosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Coccidioidomycosis. Is there horizontal transmission? |
|
Definition
| Infection by inhaling infective arthrospores; No |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of Coccidioides immitis? |
|
Definition
| Barrel-shaped arthrospores |
|
|
Term
| What population of humans is especially susceptible to Coccidioidomycosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organs are affected by Coccidioidomycosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in a lung section w/ Coccidioidomycosis? |
|
Definition
| Acute inflammation; Mature "spherule" w/ endospores surrounded by eosinophilic layer |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of Coccidioidomycosis in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Dyspnea, Weight loss, Lymphadenopathy, Seizures |
|
|
Term
| How is Coccidioidomycosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Serology, DTH to coccidoidin, Skin Test, Histopath |
|
|
Term
| Atypical Mycobacteria is _____ & can cause ____ in cattle; ____ in turtles. |
|
Definition
| Saprophytic; Skin nodules; Lesions |
|
|
Term
| What is Tx for Coccidioidomycosis? |
|
Definition
| Ketoconazole or Itraconazole for up to 12 months |
|
|
Term
| How is Coccidioidomycosis controlled? |
|
Definition
| Reduce exposure to dust in endemic areas |
|
|
Term
| How should suspect cases of Coccidioidomycosis be tested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Canine lnn. affected w/ Coccidioidomycosis: Wet mount of pus/exudate may show ______ characteristic of Coccidoides immitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of the dimorphic fungus Sporotrichosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are infected with Sporotrichosis? |
|
Definition
| Horses, Mules (rarely dogs, cats) |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes Sporotrichosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Sporotrichosis. |
|
Definition
| Infection via skin wounds --> Lymphatic spread |
|
|
Term
| Name some dimorphic fungi. |
|
Definition
| Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Sporothrix, Coccidioides |
|
|
Term
| Is Sporotrichosis zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Sporotrichosis cause in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for Sporotrichosis for horses? Cats? |
|
Definition
| Potassium Iodide & Sodium Iodide; Itraconazole |
|
|
Term
| What organisms cause Zygomycosis? |
|
Definition
| Rhizopus; Mucor; Absidia; Mortierella |
|
|
Term
| Organisms that cause Zygomycosis are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zygomycosis is caused after _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Zygomycosis is similar to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closed sporangium (all spores enclosed); Aseptate hyphae in tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for Rhizopus inf? What is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Rhizopus distinguished from Aspergillus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is caused by Zygomycosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mycotoxicoses produced by? |
|
Definition
| Mycotoxins formed by mold growing in feed |
|
|
Term
| Give some characteristics of mycotoxicoses. |
|
Definition
| Acute or chronic poisoning, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity; Non-contagious, Sporadic |
|
|
Term
| How is mycotoxicosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Demonstration of toxin (in liver) |
|
|
Term
| What may indicate mycotoxicosis? |
|
Definition
| Decreased feed consumption or feed refusal |
|
|
Term
| Does boiling kill mycotoxins? Autoclaving? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 examples of mycotoxicoses? |
|
Definition
| Facial Eczema; Aflatoxicosis; Ochratoxicosis; Ergotism |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for mycotoxicoses? |
|
Definition
| Antitoxin (neutralize toxin); Not Antibiotic; Not Antifungal |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes Aflatoxicosis? |
|
Definition
| Aspergillus flavus (also Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor) |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by Aflatoxicosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of Aflatoxicosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Acute Aflatoxicosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe subacute Aflatoxicosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Chronic Aflatoxicosis. |
|
Definition
| Decreased feed efficiency; Rough coat |
|
|
Term
| How is aflatoxicosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| PM tissues, feed sample - HPLC, ELISA, chick embryo bioassay |
|
|
Term
| Describe prevention & control of Aflatoxicosis. |
|
Definition
| Test Feed for toxins; Ammoniate Feed; Addition of toxin binders |
|
|
Term
| What organisms cause Ochratoxicosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms cause Ergotism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by Ochratoxicosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by ergotism? |
|
Definition
| Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Pigs, Poultry |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Ochratoxicosis? |
|
Definition
| Wt. loss, Kidney & Liver damage, Abortion |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of ergotism? |
|
Definition
| Neurotoxicity; Convulsions; Gangrene of extremities |
|
|
Term
| How is Ochratoxicosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Demonstration of toxin in feed; kidney |
|
|
Term
| How is ochratoxicosis controlled? |
|
Definition
| Test feed for toxin; Remove affected feed |
|
|
Term
| How is ergotism prevented? |
|
Definition
| Ergots should be removed mechanically or by floatation methods |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a feed that can have ergots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of cows w/ ergotism? |
|
Definition
| Swollen leg w/ line of separation & terminal gangrene; tail gangrene |
|
|
Term
| Where is facial eczema an economically important dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism causes facial eczema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is facial eczema diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Jaundice, history, sporidesmin detection in blood by ELISA |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of facial eczema. |
|
Definition
| Pithomyces chartarum --> Sporidesmin --> Liver damage --> buildup of phylloerithrin --> photodynamic activity --> necrosis, sloughing of skin |
|
|
Term
| How is facial eczema controlled? |
|
Definition
| fungicide spray on pastures, zinc salts in feed to reduce liver toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What is the toxin produced by Pithomyces chartarum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions are caused by _____ in sheep w/ facial eczema. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen on the udders of animals w/ facial eczema? |
|
Definition
| Moist dermatitis & hyperemia |
|
|
Term
| Extensive ____ is seen in facial eczema. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in calves infected w/ facial eczema? |
|
Definition
| Extensive photodermatitis on chest wall |
|
|
Term
| Is Staphylococcus Gr + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the morphology of Staphylococcus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Staphylococcus Catalase + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Streptococcus Catalase + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many species of Staphylococcus are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are most species of Staphylococcus? |
|
Definition
| Commensals of skin, mucus membranes |
|
|
Term
| What does Staphylococcus inf cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Staphylococcus multiply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Staphylococcus survive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is done to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus? Describe the procedure. |
|
Definition
| Catalase test; Add drop of 3% H2O2; Bubbling = Staph |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important virulence factor of Staphylococcus? What does it do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pathogen is Staphylococcus? |
|
Definition
| Opportunistic (injuries, lowered defense) |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 spp. of Staph w/ coagulase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a 2nd toxin of Staph? Which species have it? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysins; aureus, intermedius |
|
|
Term
| What are some tissue-destroying enzymes/toxins of Staphylococcus? |
|
Definition
| Lipase, Hyaluronidase, Exfoliative toxins, Leukocidin |
|
|
Term
| What does Staphylococcus enterotoxin cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Staphylococcus Beta-lactamases do? |
|
Definition
| Destroy penicillins, cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in all animal spp? |
|
Definition
| Skin inf; Suppurative wound inf; Abscesses; Jt. inf |
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions cattle, sheep, & goats? |
|
Definition
| Mastitis; Tick pyemia in lambs |
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in swine? |
|
Definition
| Exudative dermatitis/Greasy pig dz (young pigs); Mastitis |
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Otitis externa; UTI; Skin; Vaginal inf |
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in horses? |
|
Definition
| Botryomycosis (spermatic cord) |
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in poultry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in pet birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are dz conditions of Staphylococcus intermedius in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for Staphylococcus pathogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Virulence factors (aureus, intermedius): Coagulase, Leukocidin, Hemolysin |
|
|
Term
| What is typical of Staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Erythematous papular rash |
|
|
Term
| What is associated w/ Staphylococcus intermedius inf in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Deep bacterial pyoderma; Erythematous alopecia; interdigital sinus |
|
|
Term
| In horses w/ Staphylococcus inf, what may be seen in the saddle area? |
|
Definition
| Folliculitis; Very painful lesions w/ exudate |
|
|
Term
| What can Staphylococcus cause in chinchillas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bovine mastitis due to S. aureus can be ____ & ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be involved w/ human impetigo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic of both S. aureus & intermedius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is S. aureus important in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is S. intermedius associated w/? |
|
Definition
| Dogs (skin commensal) Pyoderma, otitis, UTI, eye inf |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 spp of non-hemolytic Staph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. aureus are mostly ____ strains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 other species of Staph? |
|
Definition
| S. felis (cats); S. schlieferi (dogs) |
|
|
Term
| What is a non-pathogenic skin commensal Staph? In what animals does it occasionally cause inf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is S. hyicus associated w/? |
|
Definition
| Pigs Exudative Dermatitis ("Greasy pig" dz) |
|
|
Term
| What does S. epidermidis form on BA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Staphylococcus diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Smear (grape-like clusters); Culture for antibiotic sensitivity; Catalase; Coagulase; ID (AGI-Staph ID) |
|
|
Term
| What has limited use in chronic Staph inf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Staph inf prevented? |
|
Definition
| Hygiene; Aseptic Sx (Chlorhexidine); Iodine based teat dips |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to treat Staph? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin; Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; Cephalosporins; For mastitis: Cloxacillin, Methicillin, Vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| Describe Peracute bovine mastitis. |
|
Definition
| (gangrenous) fever, depression, anorexia, recumbency, rapid heart rate |
|
|
Term
| What are the forms of bovine mastitis? |
|
Definition
| Peracute; Acute; Subacute; Chronic; Subclinical |
|
|
Term
| How is S. aureus diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Culture; Somatic Cell Count; California Mastitis Test |
|
|
Term
| Treatment & Prevention of S. aureus: |
|
Definition
| Antimicro suscept test req'd; Intra mamm infusion (& IM or IV for acute); hygienic precautions; Dry cow therapy; SCC monitoring program; Culling |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant type of coagulase + Staph on normal canine skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S. intermedius show on BA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of pyoderma & otitis externa in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is req'd for effective Tx of S. intermedius? |
|
Definition
| Antibiotic sensitivity testing |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can be used to treat S. intermedius? |
|
Definition
| Clavamox; Cephalosporins; Enrofloxacin; Penicillin (R common) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exudative Epidermitis caused by S. hyicus |
|
|
Term
| What is S. hyicus a commensal of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what age pigs does S. hyicus cause dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. hyicus enters via ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive sebacious secretion; Exfoliation; Greasy exudation on skin surface --> Non-pruritic dermatitis --> Anorexia, Dehydration --> Death of severely affected |
|
|
Term
| Tx & Prevention of S. hyicus: |
|
Definition
| TMS systemic + topical antiseptics (cetrimide); Fluid replacement; Autogenous bacterins (exfoliative toxin+) in sows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vacc made from bact. from lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gr + cocci in pairs or chains |
|
|
Term
| Describe BA hemolysis of Strep. |
|
Definition
| Variable; alpha, beta, gamma; complete, partial, none |
|
|
Term
| How is Strep serologically classified? |
|
Definition
| Latex aggln. kit into Lancefield groups |
|
|
Term
| What are Lancefield groups of Strep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group are S. equi & S. canis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Strep is S. equi? (BA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Strep are S. uberis & pneumoniae? (BA) |
|
Definition
| alpha hemolytic; greening/incomplete hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of Strep? |
|
Definition
| Commensal or obligate pathogen of skin, mucus membranes |
|
|
Term
| Describe long-term survival of Strep off host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of inf does Strep cause? |
|
Definition
| Endogenous or Exogenous; Pyogenic, often localized |
|
|
Term
| What does Strep cause in young animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some virulence factors of Strep? |
|
Definition
| Anti-phagocytic capsule; Hemolysins; Hyaluronidase; Streptokinase (fibrinolysin) |
|
|
Term
| What is an important virulence factor of Strep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does streptokinase do? |
|
Definition
| Indirectly digests fibrin clots |
|
|
Term
| What does hyaluronidase do? |
|
Definition
| Digests ground substance of CT |
|
|
Term
| S. canis: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
| Dogs, Cats; Pyogenic Septicemic |
|
|
Term
| S. equi subsp. equi: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
| Horse; Endometritis, pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| S. Suis: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
| Pig (commensal); Septicemia in young |
|
|
Term
| S. porcinus: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. agalactiae: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
| Cattle; Mastitis (Chronic) |
|
|
Term
| S. dysgalactiae: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. uberis: spp _____; type ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S. equi zooepidemicus commensal or exogenous? S. equi equi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is S. canis a commensal of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S. canis cause? |
|
Definition
| Suppurative conditions; puppy strangles; Juvenile pyoderma/lymphadenitis; TSS; Neonatal septicemia in kittens; Necrotizing fasciitis/Myositis |
|
|
Term
| What type of pathogen is S. equi equi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of colonies does S. equi equi form on BA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of equine strangles? |
|
Definition
| Purulent pharyngitis; Lymphadenitis; occasionally Inhalation Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of S. equi equi? |
|
Definition
| Long chain in pus; Mucoid hemolytic colonies on BA |
|
|
Term
| How is S. equi equi transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Horse to Horse, via fomites |
|
|
Term
| Describe S. equi equi pathogenesis. |
|
Definition
| Entry oral, nasal --> Attachment to tonsillar crypt mucosa --> lnn. (mandibular, retropharyngeal, cervical) --> Swelling, pus --> Occlusion of respiratory p'way ("strangles") |
|
|
Term
| What happens in equine strangles if the submandibular ln ruptures? |
|
Definition
| Discharge of highly infectious material |
|
|
Term
| How long is S. equi equi shed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of equine strangles? |
|
Definition
| Fever, nasal discharge, mild cough, swallowing difficulty, swollen lnn of head & neck |
|
|
Term
| What rare, chronic form of equine strangles may occur? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
| Bastard Strangles; Abscesses in many organs, Weight loss, Dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| How is S. equi equi diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| CS; Culture discharges/pus --> mucoid Beta hemolytic colonies, Gr C; Sugar fermentation tests |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for equine strangles? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin to infected & in contact horses |
|
|
Term
| How is equine strangles controlled? |
|
Definition
| Isolation, quarantine of new horses |
|
|
Term
| What are Vaccines for equine strangles? |
|
Definition
| Bacterin, M protein extract, modified live intranasal vacc (all partially effective) |
|
|
Term
| How is S. equi zooepidemicus differentiated? |
|
Definition
| Sugar Fermentation rxns; Smear from cervical exudate |
|
|
Term
| Is S. suis zoonotic? What does it cause in humans? |
|
Definition
| Yes; Meningitis, purpura & gangrene |
|
|
Term
| How are Strep classified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does S. suis infect? |
|
Definition
| Tonsils, Nasal secretion, Feces, Reproductive tracts |
|
|
Term
| What type of S. suis is virulent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What predisposes S. suis inf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are CS of S. suis inf? |
|
Definition
| Meningitis, arthritis, septicemia in young pigs, pneumonia, endocarditis, abortion |
|
|
Term
| How is S. suis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tiamulin |
|
|
Term
| Prevention & Control of S. suis: |
|
Definition
| Reduce Stress factors, repeated vacc. w/ bacterins |
|
|
Term
| What Strep causes chronic bovine mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S. agalactiae show on BA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S. agalactiae CAMP + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. agalactiae is exclusively associated w/ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAMP + bacteria show ______. |
|
Definition
| Arrow-head pattern hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What Strep causes acute bovine mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is S. dysgalactiae a commensal of? |
|
Definition
| Buccal cavity, Genitalia, Skin of udder |
|
|
Term
| Is S. dysgalactiae CAMP + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S. dysgalactiae show on BA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S. uberis CAMP + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S. uberis show on BA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is S. uberis found? |
|
Definition
| Skin, Tonsils, Vagina, Feces |
|
|
Term
| What does S. uberis cause? |
|
Definition
| Acute environmental bovine mastitis, associated w/ bedding/straw |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for bovine mastitis? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin or cloxacillin intramammary |
|
|
Term
| What is the multipoint mastitis control program? |
|
Definition
| Maintain dry clean environment, Establish regular sanitizing & maintenance for milking equip, Individual wash/dry towels, teat dip, Dry-cow therapy, Somatic cell count monitoring, culling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streptococcal lymphadenitis; abscesses in mandibular, pharyngeal, other lnn. |
|
|
Term
| Is hog strangles a common dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do S. porcinus carriers have the bact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is S. porcinus diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Clin findings, Exudate culture, Typing |
|
|
Term
| How is S. porcinus controlled? |
|
Definition
| Tetracyclines in feed @ weaning time, Early weaning reduces clin cases; Tx vacc not effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen w/ dermatophilosis in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Corynebacterium causes human diphtheria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Corynebacterium causes UTI in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Corynebacterium causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Corynebacterium causes human pharyngitis, & rarely bovine mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Corynebacterium causes abscesses in mice & rats? Is it common or rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the morphology of Corynebacterium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of inf do Corynebacterium cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the present name of C. pyogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the present name of C. equi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the present name of C. suis? |
|
Definition
| Eubacterium/Actinobacterium suis |
|
|
Term
| What are the members of Corynebacterium renale group? |
|
Definition
| C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis |
|
|
Term
| What does C. renale cause in cattle? What are the carriers? |
|
Definition
| Pyelonephritis; Healthy bulls |
|
|
Term
| How is C. renale transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Venereal or via urine splash |
|
|
Term
| Describe C. renale pathogenesis. |
|
Definition
| Adhere w/ pili --> ascending inf --> bladder --> ureters --> kidneys (pyelonephritis) (urease --> ammonia --> inflammation) --> purulent blood-stained urine w/ mucus |
|
|
Term
| What is the pigmentation of a C. renale smear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Corynebacterium grow on MacConkey agar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is C. renale diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Examine urine sediment (Gram's, culture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penicillin 10 days; isolate cow; destroy contaminated bedding |
|
|
Term
| Is antibiotic sensitivity testing necessary for Corynebacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does C. renale cause in sheep & goats? |
|
Definition
| Posthitis (pizzle rot, sheath rot)/Ulcerative balanoposthitis |
|
|
Term
| How is Posthitis controlled? |
|
Definition
| Reduce protein in diet (switch from legume hay to grassy or mixed hay); Sx; Antiseptic infusion |
|
|
Term
| What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause? |
|
Definition
| Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats; Thin Ewe Syndrome; Rarely, ulcerative lymphagitis in horse (chest abscesses) |
|
|
Term
| Describe C. pseudotuberculosis pathogenesis. |
|
Definition
| Skin commensal - Injury --> Inf & Abscessation of lnn --> spread via lymphatics --> greenish caseous pus (later, onion-like concentric layers) |
|
|
Term
| Where does caseous lymphadenitis cause abscesses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is caseous lymphadenitis controlled? |
|
Definition
| Improve management (culling, improve shearing, clean dip; Pre-importation ELISA (detects Ab's in serum) |
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of R. equi? |
|
Definition
| Gr+ coccoid or short/pleiomorphic rods |
|
|
Term
| What does R. equi look like on BA? |
|
Definition
| Mucoid pale pink (salmon-pink) colonies |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of R. equi? |
|
Definition
| Intestine of horses, Soil, stables contaminated w/ horse manure |
|
|
Term
| Does R. equi grow on MacConkey agar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is R. equi diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Radiography, culture (transtracheal aspirate) |
|
|
Term
| What animals are most susceptible to R. equi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does R. equi cause in foals? |
|
Definition
| Suppurative bronchopneumonia |
|
|
Term
| In what animals does R. equi cause dz? |
|
Definition
| Young horses, rarely pigs, humans, cats |
|
|
Term
| What does R. equi inf cause in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cats w/ R. equi respond well to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe R. equi pathogenesis. |
|
Definition
| Org. inhaled via contaminated dust; Facultative intracellular parasite; Destruction of mac's; Destruction of lung parenchyma, suppurative bronchopneumonia, abscesses in lung & lnn |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of R. equi? |
|
Definition
| Dyspnea, Fever, Later Emaciation |
|
|
Term
| How is R. equi controlled? |
|
Definition
| Hygiene to reduce environmental load; Remove foal manure from pasture frequently; Dust control in holding pens; Admin of hyperimmune serum (from dam or other source) to foal 2-3 wks old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clin cases w/ Erythromycin + Rifampin >/= 4 wks; During outbreak, prophylactic Tx Penicillin G inj into newborn foals |
|
|
Term
| Are there vacc's for R. equi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism causes Actinomycetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are susceptible to Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
|
Definition
| Gr+ pleomorphic rods (no filaments) |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
|
Definition
| Mucus membranes; Skin (of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; rarely rabbits) |
|
|
Term
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes look like on BA? |
|
Definition
| Tiny colonies w/ narrow zone hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in cows? |
|
Definition
| Endometritis; purulent discharge w/ blood; Infertility |
|
|
Term
| What type of pathogen is Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
|
Definition
| Opportunistic (wound, injury, parturition, navel inf) |
|
|
Term
| Is Fusobacterium aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in pigs? |
|
Definition
| Tail biting; Paravertebral abscesses; Lung abscesses |
|
|
Term
| Describe the dz conditions associated w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes. |
|
Definition
| Abscesses, Pneumonic inf (secondary), Mastitis, Pyometritis, Arthritis, Liver abscesses (w/ Fusobacterium), Role in foot-rot lesions in sheep, SC abscesses |
|
|
Term
| What is evident in smears from milk w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Arcanobacterium pyogenes diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Gr stain of pus, jt. fluid; Culture on BA |
|
|
Term
| Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tx: |
|
Definition
| Penicillin effective; Poor response when abscess encapsulated, Sx drainage req'd |
|
|
Term
| Actinomycetes are ______, _____-like bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some Actinomycetes? |
|
Definition
| Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia, Dermatophilus |
|
|
Term
| Are Actinomycetes Gr + or -? |
|
Definition
| Gr + showing tenacious colonies |
|
|
Term
| Some actinomycetes have ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lesions do actinomycetes cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dz prevalence from Actinomycetes is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Actinomyces bovis aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Actinomyces bovis require? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic atmosphere + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is Actinomyces bovis a commensal of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe pathogenesis of Actinomyces bovis |
|
Definition
| Trauma of oral mucosa --> Localized osteomyelitis (Lumpy Jaw), pyogranuloma w/ fistulous tracts & swelling |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes "Lumpy Jaw" in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Actinomyces bovis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphology of Actinomyces bovis: |
|
Definition
| Gr + branching filaments; Crushed granules + for clubs/rosettes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early cases: Penicillin; advanced cases: Sx + iodine dressing, Sodium iodide IV |
|
|
Term
| What does Actinomycetes viscosus cause? |
|
Definition
| Granulomatous abscesses of skin/SQ in dogs & cats |
|
|
Term
| How is Actinomycetes viscosus treated? |
|
Definition
| Surgical drainage, Penicillin, Tetracycline |
|
|
Term
| What does Actinomycetes hordeovulneris cause? |
|
Definition
| Localized abscesses or rarely pleuritis, peritonitis, arthritis; associated w/ grass (Hordeum) awns in dogs |
|
|
Term
| What do unclassified Actinomycetes spp cause? |
|
Definition
| Pyogranulomatous mastitis (pig); Poll evil/fistulous withers (horse) |
|
|
Term
| What is a morphological characteristic of Actinomycetes hordeovulneris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the current name of Eubacterium suis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the environment of Actinobaculum suis? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic; Healthy boars are carriers |
|
|
Term
| What does Actinobaculum suis cause? |
|
Definition
| Cystitis & pyelonephritis in pigs |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Actinobaculum suis? |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, arching of back, dysuria, hematuria |
|
|
Term
| Drug of choice for Actinobaculum suis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Nocardia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common Nocardia sp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the environment of Nocardia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Nocardia grow on? |
|
Definition
| BA (yellow adherent colonies), SAB |
|
|
Term
| Describe Nocardia asteroides on BA after 5 days incubation. |
|
Definition
| Vivid white, adherent colonies |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in a Nocardia abscess smear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat Canine nocardiosis? |
|
Definition
| TMS (Trimethoprimsulfa) or Tetracycline; (Penicillin-Resistant) |
|
|
Term
| What does Nocardia cause in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Nocardia bovine mastitis pathogenesis. |
|
Definition
| Entry via contaminated infusion equipment; Nocardia multiplies in devitalized tissue; fibrosis; discrete hard nodules |
|
|
Term
| How is Nocardia controlled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat Nocardia mastitis in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Nocardia cause in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the cutaneous form of canine nocardiosis. |
|
Definition
| Indolent ulcer or granulomatous swelling w/ discharging fistulous tracts |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in pus w/ canine nocardiosis? |
|
Definition
| Granules; branching filaments |
|
|
Term
| How is respiratory canine nocardiosis acquired? What does it lead to? |
|
Definition
| Inhalation; Fluid accumulation in thoracic cavity; fever, respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the disseminated form of canine nocardiosis? |
|
Definition
| Abscesses in various organs, brain |
|
|
Term
| Is Dermatophilus congolensis systemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the morphology of Dermatophilus congolensis. |
|
Definition
| Gr + branching; RR track; Zoospores |
|
|
Term
| What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause? |
|
Definition
| Dermatophilosis/Streptothricosis: skin inf of cattle, horses, sheep, goats (occasionally dogs, cats, humans); Rain scald/Rain Rot; Lumpy wool dz; Strawberry foot rot |
|
|
Term
| What animals are most affected by Dermatophilus congolensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does Dermatophilus congolensis have RR-like appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause in sheep & goats? |
|
Definition
| Lumpy Wool Dz; face lesions |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Dermatophilus congolensis. |
|
Definition
| Motile zoospore (ineffective form) released in wet conditions from infected skin --> transmission by flies, contact --> Germination --> Hyphal branches penetrate epidermis (injury) --> Exudation --> Neutrophils collect beneath epidermis --> Epidermal cells die --> Scab |
|
|
Term
| What can predispose an animal to Dermatophilus congolensis? |
|
Definition
| Skin trauma, Tick infestation |
|
|
Term
| What is used to stain Dermatophilus congolensis? What is seen? |
|
Definition
| Giemsa; Branching filaments |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in Strawberry foot rot? |
|
Definition
| Leg lesions; Reddish discoloration |
|
|
Term
| How is Dermatophilus congolensis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Make smear from scab undersurface; stain w/ Gr or Giemsa (+ if RR-track hyphae); Culture only if smear inconclusive |
|
|
Term
| What is Tx for Dermatophilus congolensis? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin + Streptomycin or long acting Tetracyclines; Mild cases: remove scabs w/ mild soap, apply iodine comds or chlorhexidine |
|
|
Term
| How is Dermatophilus congolensis controlled? |
|
Definition
| Reduce skin trauma, control ticks |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Dermatophilus congolensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in pigs? |
|
Definition
| Swine erysipelas/Diamond dz |
|
|
Term
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in turkeys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is swine erysipelas? |
|
Definition
| Septicemia/Skin form/Arthritis/Endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in humans? |
|
Definition
| Erysipeloid (localized cellulitis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the current name of E. rhusiopathiae in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does E. tonsillarum cause in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae look like? |
|
Definition
| Chronic=Rough/Acute=Smooth colonies, & accompanying forms (Chronic=Long; Acute=Short) |
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
| Nonmotile, Gr+ rods (filamentous in chronic inf, & when smooth colonies change to rough form) |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
| Tonsils, Mucus membranes of carrier pigs, Soil inhabited by pigs, Fish body slime layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
| Inf of non-immune pigs orally via fish meal, contaminated feed, water; Skin wounds, insect bites |
|
|
Term
| How many serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae are there? How virulent are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of septicemic form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
| acute in young pigs: fever, red/purple skin patches, death if untreated |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of the skin form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
| less acute, diamond shaped red, raised areas --> necrosis --> scabs (thrombi --> lesions) |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in arthritis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of the cardiac form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
| Valvular endocarditis; dyspnea; sudden death may occur (strains adhere to valves) |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 cause of jt inf/arthritis in pigs in N Am? |
|
Definition
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
|
|
Term
| What % of arthritis in hogs is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? S. suis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin or Ampicillin; Cull chronic cases; good vacc's - single market for pigs, annual for breeding pigs |
|
|
Term
| What is the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine for pigs? |
|
Definition
| Modified Live; Multivalent (Sowvac) |
|
|
Term
| How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| CS; Quick response to Penicillin; Culture blood, organs (septicemic cases); Colony, Gr morphology: smooth colonies: short rods, Rough colonies: filaments; Motility (-) |
|
|
Term
| What does Listeria monocytogenes cause? |
|
Definition
| Listeriosis in sheep, cattle, goats, humans; Head tilt, Facial paralysis in sheep |
|
|
Term
| Is Listeriosis contagious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
| small Gr + coccobacilli/rods |
|
|
Term
| At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes display tumbling motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stain is used for Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Listeria monocytogenes look like on BA? |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic colonies & cocco-bacilli & small rods |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
| Saprophyte, found in poor quality silage (pH >4.5), decomposing vegetation, sewage, wild rodent feces |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Listeriosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes? Pathogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes, mainly Listeriolysin O (hemolysin/cytolysin) disrupt phagosomal membrane --> invasion of cytoplasm --> intracellular growth; A glyceride factor --> monocytosis in non-rum monocytes |
|
|
Term
| To avoid Listeriosis, silage should be _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes. |
|
Definition
| Oral entry --> epithelial invasion --> migrate via trigeminal n. --> microabscesses of BS --> meningoencephalitis --> circling dz; Intestinal mucosa --> Blood --> Placental damage --> Fetal inf --> Abortion, stillbirth |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes circling dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen w/ listeriosis in chinchillas? |
|
Definition
| Multi-focal liver abscesses |
|
|
Term
| What are some dz manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
| Neural form; Abortion; Septicemic form; Iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine) |
|
|
Term
| What is implicated in iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine) from Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the neural form of Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
| Meningoencephalitis/Circling dz (rum), Complete paralysis, Death in 2-3 days in sheep |
|
|
Term
| In what animals does Listeria monocytogenes cause abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the septicemic form of Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
| Chinchillas, Poultry (feed contamination from rodents); Young rum: multifocal necrosis of liver & spleen |
|
|
Term
| What does routine culture of Listeria monocytogenes include? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some ways to diagnose Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
| Culture on BA; Cold enrichment in liquid media --> Plate on BA or selective media; FAT on tissues, exudates; Serological: many false +'s; PCR |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in BA of Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
| Colonies w/ Complete hemolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eliminate bad silage, keep animals off pasture identified for silage; Prevent abrasions in eyes from silage |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vacc for Listeriosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human listeriosis is a ______ dz that causes ___ & ___. |
|
Definition
| Food-borne; Meningitis, Abortion |
|
|
Term
| What humans are more susceptible to listeriosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Tx for Listeriosis? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline in early stages - high doses |
|
|
Term
| Bacillus is mostly ____, except ____. |
|
Definition
| Nonpathogenic; B. anthracis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Bacillus? |
|
Definition
| Gr+ large spore-forming rods |
|
|
Term
| Bacillus rods may be arranged as _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Bacillus colonize? |
|
Definition
| Ground glass surface & irregular edges |
|
|
Term
| Is Bacillus anthracis contagious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Bacillus cereus pathogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Bacillus cereus? |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic large flat colonies w/ irregular edges |
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Bacillus subtilis? |
|
Definition
| rough, irregular colonies on BA |
|
|
Term
| Is Bacillus subtilis pathogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is B. anthracis capsulated? Are other Bacillus spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does B. anthracis cause? |
|
Definition
| Septicemia, death esp in cattle |
|
|
Term
| What does B. anthracis cause in calves? |
|
Definition
| Exudation of tarry blood from rectum |
|
|
Term
| What does B. anthracis cause in horses? |
|
Definition
| Edematous swelling of neck, throat; dyspnea; high fever |
|
|
Term
| How S are rum's to B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How S are pigs to B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How S are horses to B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How S are humans to B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How S are birds to B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are most S to B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are birds not S to B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are virulence factors of B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
| Antiphagocytic capsule; Tripartite toxin (edema factor, protective Ag, Lethal factor) |
|
|
Term
| What is required for full activity of tripartite toxin of B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does tripartite toxin cause? |
|
Definition
| Edema, extensive necrosis, damage of blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of anthrax? |
|
Definition
| Germination in enterocytes, local edema, necrosis --> Spores formed --> Phagocytosis, germination of spores --> regional ln --> hemorrhagic lymphadenitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of B. anthracis after invasion of the spleen? |
|
Definition
| Bacteremia --> Toxemia --> Tripartite toxin increases capillary permeability --> fluid leak --> fall in BP; blood clotting damaged --> Hemorrhages, Death |
|
|
Term
| What condition does B. anthracis cause in the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ may be contaminated w/ B. anthracis spores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do outbreaks of anthrax occasionally occur in wild animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in wild animals who have died from Anthrax? |
|
Definition
| Exudation of tarry blood from rectum; Bleeding from nose; Lack of rigor mortis |
|
|
Term
| What happened in Zambia in 1987? |
|
Definition
| >500 hippos died of anthrax in Luangua Valley River |
|
|
Term
| Describe Anthrax pathogenesis in Africa. |
|
Definition
| Spores survive in soil; germinate in organic matter after flooding; Vultures in anthrax endemic area (birds don't get anthrax) |
|
|
Term
| Anthrax in wildlife: What can spread inf? |
|
Definition
| Flies & Carnivorous animals |
|
|
Term
| What is an abiotic source of anthrax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can humans contract anthrax from animals? |
|
Definition
| Skin form from abrasions while handling infected animals |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in cutaneous anthrax in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of B. anthracis in ruminants. |
|
Definition
| Entry via ingestion --> Multiplication in throat/local lnn. --> Invasion of blood, spleen; Tripartite toxin --> fall in BP, shock; Damaged blood clotting --> Hemorrhages --> Exudation of tarry blood from body orifices --> Death |
|
|
Term
| How is anthrax diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Blood smears from ear (cattle): heat fix, methylene blue stain; *No PM |
|
|
Term
| What is done w/ carcasses of anthrax victims? |
|
Definition
| Incineration; Premises disinfection |
|
|
Term
| What is done in cases of anthrax? |
|
Definition
| Report to authorities; Incinerate carcass or bury deep in calcium oxide; 10% formalin for 10 min for disinfection; vacc animals at risk w/ spore vacc |
|
|
Term
| What is used in humans infected w/ anthrax? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin or ciprofloxacin |
|
|
Term
| How is anthrax controlled in wildlife? |
|
Definition
| Burn contaminated fecal matter, vegetation; Close infected waterholes; Dispose all carcasses properly; Keep vultures & coyotes away; Remove healthy animals from affected area |
|
|
Term
| Should Penicillin be given w/ anthrax spore vacc? |
|
Definition
| No (No antibiotics w/ live vacc) |
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Clostridium? |
|
Definition
| Large Gr + spore-forming rods; Older cells often Gr - |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of Clostridium? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic/Saprophytic; Soil, digestive tracts |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium causes dz via ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are toxin forming (neurotoxic) non-invasive Clostridia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are histotoxic Clostridia? |
|
Definition
| C. chauvoei, septicum, & novyi; C. hemolyticum, C. perfringens |
|
|
Term
| What are enterotoxemic Clostridia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does C. perfringens cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of C. tetani? What is its habitat? |
|
Definition
| Terminal spores/drumstick-like; Soil |
|
|
Term
| What does C. tetani cause in animals & humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of C. tetani? |
|
Definition
| Entry via wound - incubation (days-months) --> spore germination --> multiplication in necrotic tissue (tetanolysin, a hemolysin helps further tissue necrosis); neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) --> CNS --> spastic paralysis (prevents m. relaxation) (glycine, GABA inhibited) --> resp impairment/death |
|
|
Term
| In what animal is tetanus common? |
|
Definition
| Horses (subsequent to deep wound inf) |
|
|
Term
| What is the hemolysin of C. tetani? What is the neurotoxin? |
|
Definition
| Tetanolysin; Tetanospasmin |
|
|
Term
| How is tetanus diagnosed? [What should not be examined?] |
|
Definition
| CS: Lock jaw, stiff ears, limb, back, tail, 3rd eyelid paralysis (horse); Hx, wound smear; Culture necrotic tissue(if smear -) [Blood] |
|
|
Term
| What animals are more S to tetanus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is tetanus prevented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antitoxin, Penicillin; Protect affected animal from light & noise |
|
|
Term
| Should wounds be bandaged in cases of tetanus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 cause of SIDS is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is C. botulinum aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bad hay w/ decomposing rat; fly maggots (hghly toxigenic) on decomposing duck carcass |
|
|
Term
| What are the toxigenic types of botulism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of C. botulinum? |
|
Definition
| Feed, Abattoir offal; Dead fish; Maggots; Honey w/ spores --> infant botulism |
|
|
Term
| What is C. botulinum toxin encoded by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does botulism cause in mice? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory paralysis (diaphragm paralyzed) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of botulism? |
|
Definition
| Toxin --> Intestine --> Blood --> Binding to peripheral nn. (neuromuscular junction) --> interferes w/ release of ACh --> Flaccid paralysis of mm. (inability to contract) --> Resp paralysis --> Death |
|
|
Term
| What does recovery from botulism d/o? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Straddled posture; Profuse Salivation (cattle); Paralyzed tongue; Wing paralysis & neck paralysis in birds |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in birds w/ botulism? |
|
Definition
| Limberneck; wing & leg paralysis, paralysis of eyelids; Death by drowning |
|
|
Term
| Is there a botulism/tetanus vacc? |
|
Definition
| Yes; For horses in US (BotVax B) (Tetanus toxoid) |
|
|
Term
| Should m. relaxants be given to animals w/ botulism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is botulism confirmed? |
|
Definition
| Toxin demonstration using ELISA or mice inoc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CS; Hx; Examine food, crop contents (birds), serum/blood for toxin (mice inoc, ELISA) |
|
|
Term
| Prevention/Control of Botulism |
|
Definition
| Vacc for mink, pheasants, cattle; Admin of antitoxin; Remove birds from H2O; Oral fluids, activated charcoal to bind toxin; Prevent exposure to potential toxin sources |
|
|
Term
| Should antibiotics be given for botulism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is avian botulism endemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of histotoxic clostridia? |
|
Definition
| Toxigenic clostridia in wound/traumatized tissue --> local lesions (cellulitis, gas gangrene) --> toxin absorbed systemically --> Toxemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dz is caused by C. chauvoei? |
|
Definition
| Black Leg in rum's, esp young, thriving cattle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden onset; acute; Lesions usually in PL m. mass |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes Black Leg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does m. look like in black leg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C. chauvoei pathogenesis: |
|
Definition
| Spores in damaged m --> germinate, multiply --> toxin (hemolytic, necrotizing, DNAse, etc) --> necrotizing myositis, emphysematous gangrene --> dark crepitant mm. (lysis of RBCs, gas, rancid odor from butyric acid) --> systemic toxemia, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of black leg? |
|
Definition
| Fever, lameness, crepitus m.; Mostly fatal |
|
|
Term
| How is black leg diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| CS; m. smears - Gram stain, FAT |
|
|
Term
| How is Black Leg prevented? |
|
Definition
| Vaccinate cattle in endemic areas (Covexin 8) |
|
|
Term
| Does Covexin 8 vacc against C. botulinum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Black Leg treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are infected by C. septicum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by C. septicum? |
|
Definition
| Malignant Wound edema; Abpmasitis (braxy) in sheep; Gas Gangrene |
|
|
Term
| Is wound exudate from C. septicum FA + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is req'd to confirm C. novyi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C. septicum is a common ___ invader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ wounds can be infected w/ C. septicum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute abomastitis after eating frozen grass |
|
|
Term
| What does C. novyi cause in rams? |
|
Definition
| Big head (following fighting) |
|
|
Term
| What does C. novyi cause in sheep? What predisposes? |
|
Definition
| Black Dz (generalized blood stained sc edema --> black color); Liver Fluke inf |
|
|
Term
| What predisposes C. septicum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by type D C. novyi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Clostridial vacc contain C. novyi? C. septicum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What common dz's are caused by C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
| Necrotic enteritis in piglets, chickens; Classical enterotoxemia in sheep (fatal, wound inf); Diarrhea/Hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs |
|
|
Term
| What less common dz's are caused by C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
| Yellow lamb dz; Gangrenous mastitis in cows; Struck in sheep; Hemorrhagic diarrhea in foals |
|
|
Term
| What is "Struck" in sheep? (Org responsible) |
|
Definition
| Sudden death, fluid internally (C. perfringens) |
|
|
Term
| What predisposes dogs to C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
| Stay in hospital/shelter/kennel; ingestion of spoiled meat |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in C. perfringens inf. in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Soft to watery feces w/wo blood, mucus |
|
|
Term
| How is C. perfringens diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Wound inf: smear, cluture; Lg # of clostridia, spores in fecal smear |
|
|
Term
| How is C. perfringens confirmed? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxin test on feces (ELISA or latex aggln test) |
|
|
Term
| How is C. perfringens treated? |
|
Definition
| Tylosin or Metronidazole; High fiber diet |
|
|
Term
| What is usually needed for horses w/ clostridial myositis? |
|
Definition
| Hospitalization & supportive therapy |
|
|
Term
| What is seen w/ C. perfringens on BA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only anaerobic bact to cause double zone hemolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does C. perfringens cause in sheep? How is it tested? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxemia; ligated intestine in ice to lab - toxin tests |
|
|
Term
| What does C. perfringens cause in pigs in N Am? How is in tested? |
|
Definition
| Necrotic enteritis; Gr smear of mucosal scraping |
|
|
Term
| What animals can be vaccinated for C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used for necrotic enteritis from C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin or Bacitracin in feed; Prev/Treat parasitic inf |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat dogs w/ C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat clostridial myositis in horses? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin or Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| What does C. difficile cause in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does C. difficile cause in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does C. difficile cause in piglets? |
|
Definition
| Diarrhea, Mesocolonic edema |
|
|
Term
| How is C. difficile diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Toxin detection; Kits for humans |
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|
Term
| How is C. difficile in dogs treated? Horses? |
|
Definition
| Tylosin; Metronidazole (not if pregnant) |
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of Mycobacteria? |
|
Definition
| Gr + rods, but classic species don't stain w/ Gr - Acid Fast + |
|
|
Term
| What are Classic Mycobacterium spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is mycobacterium aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the isolation time for M. tb & bovis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to culture M. tb & bovis? |
|
Definition
| Tubes rather than petri dishes |
|
|
Term
| M. tb & bovis grow in _____ media |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In what spp. does M. bovis cause Tb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what spp. does M. tb cause Tb? |
|
Definition
| Humans, parrots (psittacine birds), monkeys, elephants |
|
|
Term
| In what spp. does M. avium cause Tb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does M. avium paratuberculosis cause? In what animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| Entry (oral, resp) --> mac's --> local lnn. --> lymphatic vessels --> blood --> lungs, liver, spleen --> nodules (tubercles) (granulomatous response) --> necrosis, caseation --> calcification |
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|
Term
| What are virulence factors of TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wax D + Mycobacterial proteins --> ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is CAN M. bovis free? USA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does M. bovis cause in cattle? |
|
Definition
| TB; nodules in lung, intercostal space, lnn. |
|
|
Term
| Where are lesions from M tb? |
|
Definition
| d/o route of inf; any organ can be affected |
|
|
Term
| What is the habitat of M. avium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TB Test (DTH); Aggln test; ELISA (detects Abs); PM @ slaughterhouse, lesions, histo; Gamma interferon test (detects sensitization to mycobacterial Ags); Culture of aspirates, trunk washing |
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|
Term
| Are Ab's protective against TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the TB test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mycobacteria stain ____ w/ acid fast stain; other/host cells stain ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Mycobacteria multiply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rifampin; Isoniazid (Use together 3-6 mo) |
|
|
Term
| What is the TB vacc? What is the Dx agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TB testing & elimination of +'s; Aggln test in case of birds w/o wattle; Quarantine new additions 60-90 days; Disinfect contaminated premises w/ cresylic compounds (not alcohol); Food animals not treated (destroyed) |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat elephants & exotic birds w/ TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals is BCG vacc used in? |
|
Definition
| Calves; Children (not in US & CAN) |
|
|
Term
| What animals are infected w/ Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism causes Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| M. avium paratuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Where is Johne's dz prevalent? |
|
Definition
| Throughout world (incl US, CAN) |
|
|
Term
| What does Johne's dz cause? |
|
Definition
| Chronic, Debilitating diarrhea; Emaciation, Decreased milk production; submandibular swelling |
|
|
Term
| Does Johne's dz cause lung tubercles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the analog of Johne's dz in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epidemiology of Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Calves ingest infective fecal matter --> CS appear after 2 yrs |
|
|
Term
| What are the cattle in herds infected w/ Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Clinically ill; Asymptomatic shedders; Infected, but neither ill nor shedding |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion --> organism penetrates mucosa of ileum, colon --> phagocytosed --> multiply in intrepithelial mac's --> granulomatous rxn --> chronic inflammatory response --> thickening, corrugation of intestinal mucosa --> impaired intestinal function, leakage of PP --> wasting, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| How is Johne's dz diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Microscopy of rectal sample from microspatula (acid fast stain) --> Clumps of pink bacilli indicate intracellular growth; Fecal smear & culture followed by PCR; Immunological tests (detect Abs, eg ELISA); [Culture + ELISA] |
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|
Term
| In Johne's dz, Ab's, although not ____ are ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Johne's dz is endemic to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Johne's dz controlled? |
|
Definition
| Remove all clinical cases; regularly test herds (6-12 mo) by fecal culture + ELISA; Cull + animals; Prevent inf via feces (app of calcium oxide/lime to pasture may help); Separate newborn calves; Thoroughly test replacement animals |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| No Tx; Antibiotics NOT used |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vacc for Johne's dz? Why/why not? |
|
Definition
| No; Interference w/ testing |
|
|
Term
| Is M. lepramurium zoonotic? Does it cause dz in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism causes human leprosy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for leprosy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic, affects skin & peripheral nn. |
|
|
Term
| What animals are S to M. leprae? Is it zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are domestic animals affected by M. leprae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is M. leprae diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Not cultured; grown in mouse foot pads; Lepromin test (for DTH); ELISA |
|
|
Term
| What drug is used for M. leprae? |
|
Definition
| Dapsone (sulfonamide-like compound) |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes feline leprosy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feline leprosy is a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transmission of M lepraemurium? |
|
Definition
| Infected rats --> Cats --> Cutaneous nodules |
|
|
Term
| What is M lepraemurium Tx? |
|
Definition
| Sx removal of nodules; antitubercular drug used in combo w/ 2nd antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| Isolated, sporadic cases of M lepraemurium occur in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug can be used to treat M lepraemurium? |
|
Definition
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