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Baby Psych Final
first year of psychology in high school
193
Psychology
11th Grade
06/06/2011

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Term
Abraham Marslow
Definition
Hierarchy of Needs
Term
Achievement
Definition
psychological motivation for personal accomplishment
Term
Achievement Tests
Definition
tests that measure the amount of specific material remembered from the classroom
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
glands that secreated adrenaline, which stirs up the body, changing the breathing, perspiration, heart rate, and soon
Term
Affiliation
Definition
psychological motivation for belonging to and identifying with groups
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
the fear of leaving a familiar environment, especially home
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
believes that between the stimulus and the response there is an "inner person" that can analyze a situation and make decisions. observational learning. T.V. aggression experiment. congative psych - decided that thoughts were important.
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
originally, close associate of Freud's. also, opposed to Freud's ideas. people are primarily social creatures. motivated by social interests and goals. stressed importance of conscious not unconscious. reverse iceberg. studied birth order.
Term
Alpha Waves
Definition
stage 1, fairly relaxed brain waves occurring just before going to sleep; relaxed
Term
Amnesia
Definition
a dissociative disorder in which traumatic events "disappear" from memory
Term
Anal Stage
Definition
Freudian stage of development during which toilet training is the child's major concern
Term
Androgens
Definition
male hormones that control sexual interest in both male and females
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
a personalty disorder in which the person is in constant conflict with the law and seems to have no conscience
Term
Anxiety
Definition
a generalized feeling of apprehension and pending disaster
Term
Anxiety Disorder
Definition
disorder whose major symptom is anxiety
Term
Approval
Definition
psychological motivation for obtaining other people's food opinion of ones self
Term
Aptitude
Definition
one's special skills
Term
Aptitude Tests
Definition
tests that measure one's special skills
Term
Archetypes
Definition
Jung's term for inherited universal human concepts
Term
B. F. Skinner
Definition
operant conditioning
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
best known behaviorist. Skinner box - operant. reinforcements/punishments. no free will in behavior.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
a personality theory that focuses on overt acts or behaviors rather than on consciousness or unconsciousness
Term
Belongingness Needs
Definition
part of the Hierarchy: friendship, closeness with another
Term
Beta Waves
Definition
rapid brain waves; appear when a person is awake
Term
Biological Clocks
Definition
internal chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition
a disorder with up and sown swings of moods from "high" to "low"
Term
Blood-Sugar Level
Definition
the amount of sugar contained in the blood, which indicates the level of hunger
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
personality disorder marked by unstable emotions and relationships, dependency, and manipulative self-destructive behavior
Term
California Psychological Inventory
Definition
personality inventory most often used in schools
Term
Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition
the bodily reaction and the emotional response occur at the same time
Term
Carl Jung
Definition
created analytical psychology. emphasized the importance of goals and the influence of ancestral past. deemphasized sexual determinants
Term
Carl Rodgers
Definition
goal of pperson's develpoment was too reach their "ideal self". biggest problem. things that help/hinder are parents, friends, spouse.
Term
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Definition
type of schizophrenia characterized by disturbances of movement
Term
Chaining
Definition
reinforcing the connection between different parts of a sequence
Term
Chronobiology
Definition
the study of forces that control the body at different times during the day, month, or year
Term
Circadian Rhythm
Definition
sequences of behavioral changes that occur every 24 hours
Term
Clang Associations
Definition
psychotic speech in which words are rhymed
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Ivan Pavlov's method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.
Term
Cognition
Definition
symbolic thought process
Term
Cognitive Approach to Learning
Definition
a way of learning based on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge
Term
Cognitive Map
Definition
a mental image of where one is located in space
Term
Collective Unconscious
Definition
Jung's term for the portion of a person that contains ideas shared by the whole human race
Term
Compulsion
Definition
a symbolic, ritualized behavior that a person must keep acting out in order to avoid anxiety
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
a response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning - for example salivating to the word pickle
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural (or unconditioned)
Term
Conditioning
Definition
making an association between two events by repeated exposure
Term
Conscious
Definition
the awareness of , or the possibility of knowing, what is happening inside or outside the organism
Term
Construct
Definition
a concept requiring a belief in something that cannot be seen or touched, but seems to exist
Term
Contact Comfort
Definition
the satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft stimulation
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
each time a behavior occurs, reinforcement is given
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
disorder in which a seriousness psychological trauma is changed into a symbolic physical dysfunction
Term
Curiosity Motive
Definition
a drive that moves a person to see new and different things
Term
Delta Waves
Definition
slow, lazy, deep-sleep brain waves
Term
Delusion
Definition
a belief in something that is not true
Term
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV
Definition
a book that classifies the symptoms of mental problems into formal categories
Term
Discrimination Learning
Definition
Learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; the reverse of generalization
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
disorders in which a part of one's life becomes disconnected from other parts; amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity disorder are examples
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
condition in which a person divides himself or herself into two or more separate personalities that can act independently
Term
Dopamine
Definition
the brain chemical present in excess in schizophrenics, which causes nerve cells to fire too rapidly and leads to thought and speech confusion
Term
Drives
Definition
forces that push and organism into action to reach a goal
Term
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
a moderate depression
Term
E. C. Tolman
Definition
cognitive map
Term
Ego
Definition
the "self" that allows controlled id expression within the boundaries of the superego
Term
Emotion
Definition
a state of the body causing feeling of hope, love, fear, and so on
Term
Entrainment
Definition
the process of altering the free running cycle to fit a different cycle
Term
Erik Erikson
Definition
Psychosocial development. 8 stages based on Freud's stages but extended through out the entire life.
Term
Erikson's Stages of Psychological Development
Definition
Trust - 0-1 - if infants are well cared for, they will develop faith in the future. Autonomy - 1-2 - here children learn self-control and self-assertion. Initiative - 2-5 - when children begin to make their own decisions. industry - 5-puberty - children master skills and take pride in their competence. identity - teenagers try to develop their own separate identity while fitting in with their friends. intimacy - early adulthood - people secure their one identity can proceed to an intimate partnership in which they make compromises for another. generativity - middle age - people who become stagnated are absorbed in themselves and try to hang on to the past. integrity - later adulthood - some people look back over life with a sense of satisfaction and accept both good and bad.
Term
Estrogen
Definition
hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle
Term
Extinction
Definition
the gradual loss of an association over time
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
seeking a reward from outside the organism for a certain behavior
Term
Fixed Interval Schedule
Definition
a reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of time has passed if the desired act occurs
Term
Fixed Ratio Schedule
Definition
reinforcement occurs after the desired act is preformed a specific number of times
Term
Flight of Ideas
Definition
a confused state in which thought and speech go in all directors wit no unifying concept
Term
Free Association
Definition
Freudian process in which the person says everything that appears in images seem unconnected
Term
Free-Running Clocks
Definition
cycles set up by biological clocks that are under their own control, ignoring the environment
Term
Fugue
Definition
the condition of having amnesia for one's current life and starting a new one somewere else
Term
Fully Functioning Individual
Definition
Rodger's term for someone who had become what he or she should be
Term
Generalization
Definition
a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one
Term
Genital Stage
Definition
Freudian stage of development during which the individual seeks an appropriate material partner and earlier conflicts reappear
Term
Gonads
Definition
the sex glands
Term
Hallucinating
Definition
seeing or hearing something that is not present
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
the situation where a person who has one positive characteristic is assumed to have other positive traits
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
contact comfort - food monkey mother and soft monkey mother
Term
Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
a system that ranks needs one above the other with the most basic needs for physical survival at the bottom
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
processes of maintaining a balanced internal state
Term
Humanism
Definition
a personality theory that places emphasis on the positive potential of the person
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
a state of relaxation in which attention is focused on certain oobjects, acts, or feelings
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
disorder characterized by feeling excessive concern about one's health and exaggerating the seriousness of minor physical complaints
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
a part of the inner brain that controls such basic needs and desires as pleasure, pain, fear, rage, hunger, thirst, and sex
Term
Id
Definition
Freudian psychological unit containing our basic needs and drives
Term
Ideal Self
Definition
Rodger's term for the goal of each person's development perfection
Term
Incubus Attack
Definition
also called a night terror, a horrible dream occurring during NREM when the body is not prepared for it
Term
Insomnia
Definition
the inability to get enough sleep
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
seeking satisfaction that comes from within the individual for certain behavior
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
classical conditioning - Pavlov's dogs
Term
James-Lang Theory
Definition
for emotion, first the body responds, then one feels emotion
Term
John Watson
Definition
operant conditioning - Little Albert - stimulus generalization
Term
Karen Horney
Definition
emphasized social relationships between young children and parents.
Term
Latency Stage
Definition
Freudian stage of development during which the child's earlier conflicts are hidden or go below the surface
Term
Libido
Definition
Freudian term for internal energy forced that continuously seek discharge
Term
Little Albert
Definition
John Watson's experiment
Term
MMPI-2
Definition
latest version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the most widely used personality inventory
Term
Major Depression
Definition
am extremely low emotional state, sever depression; involves loss of appetite, lack of energy, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts
Term
Mania
Definition
a mood disorder involving extreme agitation, restlessness, rapid speech, and trouble concentrating
Term
Manipulation Motive
Definition
a drive that moves a person to handle and use objects in the environment
Term
Mary Cover Jones
Definition
worked for Watson, wanted to know if it was possible to reverse the effects of Little Albert, found "Peter"
Term
Meditation
Definition
a form of self-control in which the outside world is cut off from consciousness
Term
Modeling
Definition
Bandura's term for learning by imitating others
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
a category of mental disorder characterizes by one's emotional state; includes depression and mania
Term
Motivation
Definition
the drive to seek a goal, such as food, water, friends, and so on
Term
NREM Sleep
Definition
non-rapid eye movement sleep; sleep involving partial thoughts , images, or stories, poor organization
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
disorder in which a person falls instantly into sleep no matter what is going on in the environment
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
strengthening a response by following it with taking away or avoiding something unpleasant
Term
Neo-Freudians
Definition
Those psychoanalysts who broke away from Freud to emphasize social forces in the unconscious
Term
Nightmare
Definition
frightening dream during REM
Term
Norms
Definition
patterns of test answers from different types of people
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
a form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others
Term
Obsession
Definition
an endless preoccupation with an urge or thought
Term
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
Definition
having continued thoughts (obsession) about preforming a certain act over ad over (compulsion)
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
conditioning that results from one's actions and the consequences they cause
Term
Oral Stage
Definition
Freudian stage of development during which feeding and weaning are the child's main issues
Term
Ovaries
Definition
the female sex glands; make eggs
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
a type of anxiety disorder in which one cannot relax and is plagued by frequent and overwhelming attacks of anxiety
Term
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Definition
schizophrenia marked by strong feeling of suspiciousness and persecution
Term
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
reinforcement is not given each time the act is preformed
Term
Persona
Definition
Jung's term for a "mask" people wear to hide what they really are or feel
Term
Personality
Definition
a person's broad, long-lasting patterns of behavior
Term
Personality Disorder
Definition
a disorder in which the person had formed a peculiar or unpleasant personality
Term
Personality Inventory
Definition
a list of items about a person's beliefs, habits, hopes, needs, and desires
Term
Personality Traits
Definition
the more or less permanent personality characteristics that an individual has
Term
Phallic Stage
Definition
Freudian stage of development during which the child experiences romantic interest in the opposite sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent
Term
Phobic Disorder
Definition
a type of anxiety disorder in which a person becomes disabled and overwhelmed by fear in the presence of certain objects or events. examples include specific phobia and agoraphobia
Term
Physiological Needs
Definition
the bottom of the hierarchy; thirst and hunger
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
the controller of other glands and hormones, as well as the producer of its own hormone that regulates growth
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Strengthening the tenancy to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasant
Term
Primary Reinforcement
Definition
something necessary for psychological/ physical survival that is used as a reward
Term
Projective Tests
Definition
tests measuring inner feeling elicited by a vague stimulus, such as an ink blot or unclear picture
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
a theory that personality is based on impulses and needs in the unconscious
Term
Psychological Tests
Definition
objective measures of what people know, how they act, think, and feet, and what their goals are
Term
Psychosis
Definition
sever mental disorder involving major problems with emotional responses, disorganized thought processes, and distorted perceptions of the world
Term
Psychotic Episodes
Definition
periods of psychotic behavior that can alternate with periods of relative coherence and calm
Term
Punishment
Definition
the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences
Term
REM Rebound
Definition
increase in the number of dreams after being deprived of them
Term
REM Sleep
Definition
rapid eye movement sleep when we dream
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
something that follows a response and strengthens the tenancy to repeat that response
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
events that strengthen a behavior by bringing the desired results
Term
Reliability
Definition
whether test results are consistent over time
Term
Repression
Definition
the process of pushing the needs and desires that cause guilt into the unconscious
Term
Response
Definition
a reaction to a stimulus
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
a unit of the inner brain that regulates and controls activity level, increases excitement, and helps generate sleep
Term
Reverse Halo
Definition
the situation where a person with one negative characteristic is assumed to have other negative traits
Term
Rorschach Test
Definition
ink blot projective test developed by Hermann Rorschach
Term
Safety Needs
Definition
part of Marlow's: shelter, nest egg of money
Term
Schacher's Cognitive Theory
Definition
we label a bodily response by giving it the name of an emotion we think we are feeling
Term
Schedules of Reinforcement
Definition
different methods of reinforcing
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
the most serious mental disturbance, involving loss of contact wit reality, thought disorders, hallucinations, and delusions
Term
Scholastic Assessment Test
Definition
SAT, test designed to measure ability to do college work
Term
Secondary Reinforcement
Definition
anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer, such as money bringing food
Term
Selective Forgetting
Definition
"forgetting" only things that are very traumatic
Term
Self Actualization
Definition
the top of the hierarchy: establishing meaningful goals and a purpose in life
Term
Self-Actualized
Definition
Maslow's term for the state of having brought to life the full potential of our skills
Term
Self-Esteem Needs
Definition
part of the Hierarchy: licking and respecting yourself, feeling important and useful
Term
Serotonin
Definition
the brain chemical that in excess leads to mania; in too low concentrations, it leads to depression
Term
Shaping
Definition
the process of gradually refining a response by successfully reinforcing closer approximations of it
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
created psychoanalysis. thought that personality was developed by age 6
Term
Situational Assessment
Definition
the process of looking at how the circumstances surrounding an event influence people responding to that event
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
breathing stoops while someone is asleep
Term
Social Learning
Definition
all learning that occurs in a social situation
Term
Sociopath
Definition
same as antisocial personality disorder
Term
Somatoform Disorder
Definition
condition in which psychological issue are expressed in bodily symptoms in the absence of any real physical problem
Term
Specific Phobia
Definition
a major anxiety that arises when faced whit a specific object or situation
Term
Standardization
Definition
clear directions for taking, scoring, and interpreting a test
Term
Standoutishness
Definition
doing or wearing something that is so startling it detracts from one's real abilities
Term
Stimulus
Definition
anything that elicits a responce
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
a response spread from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original
Term
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
Definition
the most widely used interest test, based on the answers of people successful in certain fields
Term
Subconscious
Definition
consciousness just below our present awareness
Term
Superego
Definition
Freudian psychological unit roughly synonymous with the conscience
Term
TAT
Definition
Thematic Apperception Test, a projective test using unclear pictures about which people make up stories
Term
Testes
Definition
the male sex glands; make sperm
Term
Thought Disorder
Definition
a seriousness distortion of the ability to think or speak in a lucid and coherently way
Term
Trance
Definition
anther word for the state of deep relaxation that can occur during hypnosis
Term
Twilight State
Definition
relaxed state just before we fall asleep
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
an automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, such as salivation to meat
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
a stimulus that automatically elicits a response, such as meat causing salivation
Term
Unconscious
Definition
thoughts or desires about which we can have no direct knowledge
Term
Unconscious
Definition
according to psychoanalytic belief, the psychological part of us that contains childhood conflicts we are unaware of but continue to control our behavior
Term
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Definition
schizophrenia that lacks any distinguishing symptoms
Term
Validity
Definition
whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Term
Variable Interval Schedule
Definition
reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time if a desired act occurs
Term
Variable Ratio Schedule
Definition
reinforcement occurs after a desired behavior occurs, but a different number of the desired acts is required each time
Term
Vocational Interest Test
Definition
a test that attempt to predict a good occupational area for an individual
Term
Word Salad
Definition
speech in which words are mixed together incoherently
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