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| science is limited to being... |
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| observable and measureable |
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| investigations used to describe nature |
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| investigations used to explain nature |
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| encompasses a broad diversity of observations, should b a large and growing body of evidence |
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| descent with modification |
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| one or more elements bound together |
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| protons (+) neutrons and electrons (-) |
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| sum of protons and neutrons |
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| weight of all particles in an atom |
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| number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| different form of a certain element because of its differing number of neutrons in the nucleus |
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| radioactive isotopes are... |
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| unstable, and decay spontaneously to become stable. they can be harmful or helpful, acting as either decomposers or as radioactive tracers. |
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| a bond created by the transfer of electrons |
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| a bond created between atoms by the sharing of electrons |
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| form between hydrogen molecules by the slightly negative end to slightly positive end because of electronegativity |
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| cause of water to stick together |
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| excess of hydrogen molecules |
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| a string of monomers bonded together by dehydration reaction |
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| a single unit that can be bonded together to make a polymer (i.e. of a carbohydrate) |
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| a single unit that can be bonded together to make a polymer (i.e. of a carbohydrate) |
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| organic compound. single unit is a monosaccharide |
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| fats and oils or steroids |
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| enzymes, digestive, defensive, structural, signaling molecules and transport molecules |
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| contain genetic information in the forms of DNA and RNA |
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| prokaryotic cells consist of... |
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| no nucleus, ribosomes, plasma membrane perimeter, cell wall, pili, flagella |
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| eukaryotic cells (animal) contains... |
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| plasma membrane, golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, nucleus, |
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| phospholipid, hydrophilic on the inside and outside, hydrophobic in between. |
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| contains genetic information in the form of chromatin |
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| double layered membrane punctuated with pores |
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| rough ER modifies proteins, smooth ER detox's enzymes and makes phospholipids. |
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| system of membranes that act as the importers/exporters of molecules |
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| digestion (in protists), scavenging and digesting bacteria, and recycle. |
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| are unique to plants, act as storage |
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| the energy powerhouse of a plant cell. |
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| where photosynthesis takes place, turns light into energy |
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| three forms: microfilament, intermediate filament, and micro tubules. it gives structure to a plant cell and sometimes acts as a transport. |
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| molecules flow down the concentration gradient until equilibrium (diffusion) |
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| the ability to gain or lose water in a cell |
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| amount of water on the inside is the same amount on the outside. |
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| amount of water is greater on the inside and causes the cell to burst |
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| amount of water is greater on the outside of the cell and causes the water to rush out, leaving the cell to shrink and dehydrate. |
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| provide facilitated diffusion of water in a cell |
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| movement of molecules against concentration gradient.energy used to push the molecules: ATP |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy is neither created nor destroyed, it rather changes forms. |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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| most energy is "lost" as heat |
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| cellular respiration takes place in the... |
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| glycolysis occurs in the... |
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| the krebs cycle occurs in the... |
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| oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the... |
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| growth,DNA replications,growth |
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| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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| include mitosis and cytokinesis (cell division) |
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mitotic spindle begins forming
centrosomes become organized at the centromere
nuclear envelope dissintegrates |
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| chromosomes are lined along equator of cell |
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| chromatids move away from each other and the cell begins to elongate |
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| cell elongates even more, reverse of prophase, nuclear envelope is coming back and nucleolus is reforming |
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| cell cycle control system |
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| involves "checkpoints" controlled by growth factors, cancer cells somehow make it through these checkpoints and rip the body apart. |
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| tumor that stays in original location and can be removed by surgery most times |
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| tumor that extends past original location |
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| characteristics of cancer cells |
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| not inhibited by contact, proceed through checkpoints without having grown, make their own growth factors, and are "immortal" |
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| internal and external covering tissue |
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| support tissues of the body (bone, muscle) |
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| cancer that grows through the blood cells |
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| surgical removal, radiation, chemo |
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| once it starts dividing for 8 weeks |
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| phenotype (physical allele) |
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| forensic science, identifying human remains, paternity testing, and matching organ donors |
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| self-renewing (they make copies of themselves) and pluripotent (have the capacity to become any type of cell) |
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| functions of carboydrates |
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| storage (starch), energy (glucose), plant structure (cellulose) |
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| energy storage (fats), cell membrane component (phospholipids), hormones (steroids) |
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| enzymes (lactASE), structure (hair, tendons), movement (muscles), transport (hemoglobin), communication (signaling), defense (antibodies), storage |
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| functions of nucleic acids |
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| heredity (DNA), codes for enzymes (rna, dna) |
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| double bonds in their fatty acid chains |
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| lipids differ rom other macrocolecules in that they... |
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| functional groups that are polar and hydrophilic |
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| hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino |
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