Term
|
Definition
| A chemical substance that affects the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that distorts perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A drug that dulls the senses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They block nerve impulses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They increase the speed of neutrotransmission at the synapses (so speed up reactions). |
|
|
Term
| What does a depressant do? |
|
Definition
| They slow down brain activity. |
|
|
Term
| How does nicotine affect the body? |
|
Definition
| It is an addictive drug that makes people want more (and a stimulant). |
|
|
Term
| How does tar from smoking affect the body? |
|
Definition
| It is a carcinogen so it can cause cancer (of the lungs etc.) |
|
|
Term
| How does carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke affect the body? |
|
Definition
| It reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen, leaving people short of breath, tired and with increased heart rate to try and compensate. |
|
|
Term
| Give some long term effects of alcohol abuse. |
|
Definition
| Cirrhosis of the liver, heart and kidney damage. |
|
|
Term
| Give some short term affects of alcohol abuse. |
|
Definition
| Blurred vision, lowered inhibitions, slower reactions, poor coordination. |
|
|
Term
| What is an organ transplant? |
|
Definition
| When an organ is taken from one person and used for another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name seven ways in which pathogens can be spread. |
|
Definition
| By water, air, body fluids, animal vectors, contaminated food, body contact and mosquitoes. |
|
|
Term
| How does the body prevent pathogens from entering it? |
|
Definition
| The skin acts as a barrier, lyzozymes (enzymes) in tears can destroy pathogens, stomach acid can destroy pathogens, mucus can trap pathogens and cilia can push pathogens (and mucus) back out of the body. |
|
|
Term
| What do antibacterials do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kill bacteria outside of the body (on work surfaces etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kill bacteria inside the body. |
|
|
Term
| What are antifungals used for? |
|
Definition
| To treat fungal infections. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to complete courses of antibiotics if they are prescribed by a doctor or dentist etc? |
|
Definition
| If a course of antibiotics is not finished the pathogen may adapt and it may not be possible to treat it with antibiotics in future. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A species that depends on another to exist without benefitting the host species? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where two species benefit each other. |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of parasites. |
|
Definition
| Fleas, lice, tape worms, mistletoe? |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of mutualists. |
|
Definition
| Oxpeckers and oxen, cleaner fish and groper fish (HT only - nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes and chemosynthetic bacteria in deep sea vents). |
|
|
Term
| How can humans cause an increas in phosphate pollution? |
|
Definition
| Phosphate pollution comes from detergents which are used more as populations grow. |
|
|
Term
| How can humans cause an increase in nitrate pollution? |
|
Definition
| Nitrates are used in fertilisers to grow more crops. |
|
|
Term
| How can humans cause an increase in sulphur dioxide production? |
|
Definition
| Sulpur dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are burnt. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the stages involved in eutrophication. (HT only) |
|
Definition
| Nitrates from fertilisers flow off fields into rivers when it rains, causing plants in the river to grow faster. These plants block out sunlight, killing plants below. As microbes decompose the extra dead matter they use up the oxygen, causing animals to die too from lack of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What is an indicator species? |
|
Definition
| A living thing (plant or animal) that we can look for to see how clean (or polluted) an environment is. |
|
|
Term
| Describe two indicator species for air quality. |
|
Definition
| Blackspot fungus grows on roses but not if there is sulphur dioxide pollution. Lichens grow on rocks in cleaner air where there is less sulphur dioxide pollution. |
|
|
Term
| Describe some indicator species for water quality. |
|
Definition
| Freshwater shrimps, mayfly and stonefly live in clean water. Maggots and blood worms live in very polluted water. Flies and flatworms may indicate moderately polluted water. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to recycle? |
|
Definition
| As raw materials will run out and some do not have much left. It may also be cheaper and may require less energy. Recycling reduces the need to damage the environment to mine or cut down trees etc. |
|
|
Term
| How is carbon dioxide removed from the air? |
|
Definition
| By photosynthesis (and oceans absorb it - more the cooler they are). |
|
|
Term
| How is carbon dioxide added to the air? |
|
Definition
| By respiration in plants, animals and microbes and also by combustion (and when oceans warm up they release carbon dioxide). |
|
|
Term
| Why do plants need nitrogen? (HT only) |
|
Definition
| To produce proteins which are passed up the food chain. |
|
|
Term
| How are nitrates added to soil? (HT only) |
|
Definition
| By nitrogen fixing bacteria (taking nitrogen from the air), by nitrifying bacteria (using ammonia from urea and other waste) and by lightning strikes. |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria take nitrates out of the soil? (HT only) |
|
Definition
|
|
