Term
| What are the primary immune organs? |
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Definition
-Thymus
-Bursa or Fabricius
-Bone Marrow
-Yolk Sac |
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Term
| The first line of defense |
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Definition
|
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Term
| some external barriers that function as a first line of defense |
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Definition
-Skin
-Mucus membranes
-Lysozyme
-Respiratory Epithelium
-Air Quality |
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Term
| Where can we find mucus membranes? |
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Definition
| At vulnerable positions, such as your orifices, respiratory system, repro system, digestive system |
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Term
| What role does lysozyme play? |
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Definition
| destroys bacterial cell walls; found in saliva |
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Term
| Why is it important to control ammonia levels in poultry houses? |
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Definition
| ammonia damages the respiratory tract by burning the cilia, which reduces their ability to keep the gunk out of their respiratory systems |
|
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Term
| what burning the cilia does to poultry |
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Definition
| reduces their ability to keep the gunk out of their respiratory systems |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are some cells involved with non-specific defense? |
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Definition
-Leukocytes
-macrophages
-Lymphocytes (~70% of WBC) |
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Term
| ~70% of your white blood cells are... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| categories of lymphocytes |
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Definition
-T cells
-B cells
-NK cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. |
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Term
| PAMPs are recognized by... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved nonself molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
-molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by TLRs and PRRs.
-PAMPs activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved nonself molecules. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), endotoxins found on the cell membranes of bacteria, are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs.
-Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR5), lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recognized by TLR3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized by TLR9. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pattern Recognition Receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the differences between T-cells and B-cells? |
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Definition
| B-cells attack invaders outside the cells and T-cells attack invaders inside the cells |
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Term
| example of Innate immunity |
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Definition
| normal leukocytes (esinophils, neutrophils, etc.) |
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Term
| example of Natural Passive immunity |
|
Definition
| antibodies from milk or egg yolk |
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Term
| example of Natural Active immunity |
|
Definition
| memory cells as a result of sickness |
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Term
| example of Artificial Passive immunity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| example of Artificial Active immunity |
|
Definition
| memory cells as a result of vaccination |
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Term
|
Definition
-this refers to an active immune response in a bird as a result of recovery from the disease or by response to a vaccine.
-The bird produces its own immune cells and/or antibodies to provide protection. |
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Term
|
Definition
-this is achieved when antibodies are transferred to the individual either from the mother (such as during egg formation in poultry) or by provision of antiserum (blood serum containing antibodies) either orally or through injections.
-the immune system of the recipient is not stimulated, therefore the recipient will not produce its own immune cells or antibodies and it does not have any immune “memory” of the antigen. |
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Term
| Natural immunity (verify this with Benson) |
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Definition
| result of exposure to pathogen or sickness |
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Term
| Artificial immunity (verify this with Benson) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How, in birds, is natural passive immunity provided? |
|
Definition
| via antibodies from the egg yolk and/or bird milk |
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Term
| What are some aspects of innate immunity that help control disease in poultry? |
|
Definition
-genetic factors (may lack receptors such that disease organisms can’t infect)
-body temperature (precludes some diseases; some diseases can’t survive in poultry because of their temperature)
-normal microflora (skin and gut bacteria prevent some diseases from gaining a foothold) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Live vaccines
-Live-attenuated vaccines
-Killed (or inactivated) vaccines
-Recombinant vaccines |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain either low doses or doses of mild forms of the disease organism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain living disease organisms that have been treated in some way to reduce their ability to cause disease while still causing an immune response. |
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Term
| Killed (or inactivated) vaccines |
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Definition
| Killed vaccines contain high doses of the killed disease organism. Killed vaccines generally result in a weaker and shorter immune response than live vaccines due to their inability to infect and multiply in the host. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These vaccines are produced by incorporating the DNA for the antigens that stimulate a disease response to a disease organism into a vector (or carrier), such as a harmless virus, which is then used as a live vaccine. |
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Term
| advantage of Live vaccines |
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Definition
| Contains living organisms that are able to infect and multiply in the host and this enhances the strength and duration of the immune response. This is the closest thing to the real infection, which leads to a strong antibody response (B and T cells) and creation of memory cells. |
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Term
| disadvantage of Live vaccines |
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Definition
| attenuated microbes may mutate back into virulent form. |
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Term
| advantage of Live-attenuated vaccines |
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Definition
| Contains living organisms that are able to infect and multiply in the host and this enhances the strength and duration of the immune response. This is the closest thing to the real infection, which leads to a strong antibody response (B and T cells) and creation of memory cells. |
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Term
| disadvantage of Live-attenuated vaccines |
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Definition
| attenuated microbes may mutate back into virulent form. |
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Term
| advantage with Killed (or inactivated) vaccines (verify this with Benson) |
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Definition
| lower risk of getting sick from vaccination |
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Term
| disadvantage with Killed (or inactivated) vaccines |
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Definition
| Killed vaccines generally result in a weaker and shorter immune response than live vaccines due to their inability to infect and multiply in the host. |
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Term
| advantage of Recombinant vaccines (verify this with Benson) |
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Definition
| development of antibodies to target viruses with the same surface |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Recombinant vaccines (verify this with Benson) |
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Definition
| I think there would be a stability issue or risk of harmful mutation |
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Term
| How is a recombinant virus made? |
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Definition
| by incorporating the DNA for the antigens that stimulate a disease response to a disease organism into a vector (or carrier), such as a harmless virus, which is then used as a live vaccine |
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Term
| depiction of the process by which recombinant viruses are made |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it important to keep broiler breeders on a good vaccination schedule? |
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Definition
| to ensure that the hen’s antibodies do not decline and reduce the chicks IgG diversity |
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