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Definition
| Thin, flexible, often nearly transparent. Protects against the elements |
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Definition
| Two masses - breast and thigh |
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Definition
| muscle mass near pectoral girdle; controls wings |
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Definition
| muscle mass below the pelvic girle; controls legs |
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Definition
| cut tendon to limit flight; uncommon, invasive, and birds can relearn flight |
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Definition
| controlled by tendons, requires no energy |
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Definition
| fewer vessels, fast-twitch, flightless birds |
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Definition
| more vessels, slow-twitch, flighted birds, sustained energy |
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Definition
| hollow for less weight, support, no marrow with few exceptions |
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Definition
| cross structures within hollow bones |
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Definition
| muscle attachment point, hard to feel on a bird of healthy weight |
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Definition
| large, cushions organs in flight |
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Definition
| fused, but with ability to move upper and lower beak independently |
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Definition
| 3 digits, humerus wide and flat for muscle attachment; ablity to twist unfsued carpals along with radius and ulna |
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Definition
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Definition
| fused tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| act like bellows, muscles in body help to contract/expand; helps cool body and buoyancy |
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Definition
| 2 stroke system, air flows in one direction; air sits in lungs for more oxygen absorption; |
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Definition
| wishbone, helps assist in breathing during flight |
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Definition
| located where trachea splits into bronchi, used for vocalisations |
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Definition
| 4 chambers, 2x larger than similar sized mamals |
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Definition
| large, oval, and nucleated |
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Definition
| directly related to feeding habits |
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Definition
| specialized to assist in feeding |
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Definition
| lubricate food; no chewing |
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Definition
| wide, flexible, and muscular; swallow food whole; regurgitate for chicks |
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Definition
| not present in all birds, stores food; some species make "crop milk" for chicks (pigeons, flamingos); specialised in hoatzin to ferment leavees |
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Definition
| proventriculus - true stomach; chemical digestion, size varies by diet - fish large, fruit small |
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Definition
| mechanical digestion (no teeth) |
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Definition
| caeca (paired) developed in species with high cellulose diets, lg amt bacteria |
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Definition
| opening for waste excretion, fertilization, and egg laying; used in breeding/courtship displays |
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Definition
| dominant sense, large eyes with two fovea; cannot move eyes, must move whole head |
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Definition
| 3rd eyelid protects and cares for eyes |
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Definition
| no external ear, similar hearing to mammals; two birds use echolocation |
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Definition
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Definition
| poor sense of smell except new world vultures |
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Definition
| few taste buds except waterfowl and parrots |
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Definition
| highly developed sense of touch, specialized for flight, foraging, and chick rearing |
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