Term
| List 3 mechanisms by which internal regulation is accomplished, and which is the slowest and fastest |
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Definition
1. Local mechanisms (within an organ or cell)
2. Hormonal mechanisms - slowest
3. Neural mechanisms - fastest |
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Term
| What is the role of the ANS under rest? |
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Definition
| Maintain homeostasis and constancy of internal environment |
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Term
| What is the role of the ANS under stress? |
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Definition
| Produce adjustments to support the stressors requirements |
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Term
| What 3 types of body tissue does the ANS most prominently modulate? |
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Definition
1. smooth muscle
2. cardiac muscle
3. Glandular function |
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Term
| Name the 8 aspects of physiological function that the ANS regulates and how |
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Definition
1. Vascular - controls contraction of vascular smooth muscle
2. Cardiac function - controls rate and force of cardiac contraction
3. Pulmonary - controls diameter of bronchioli
4. Digestion (gut) - controls salivary and gastric secretion and contraction of GI muscle
5. Energy stores - Stores energy under rest and converts glycogen and lipids to glucose and free fatty acids during activity
6. Excretory function - Controls contraction of colon and bladder
7. Eye function - controls iris and ciliary muscles and lacrimal gland secretion
8. Body temperature - controls blood flow and metabolic heat production |
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Term
| How does an autonomic motor neuron differ from a somatic motor neuron? |
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Definition
1. ACh synapses in an autonomic ganglion between a preganglionic and postganglionic neurons (not present in somatic)
2. Synapse at effector muscle can be either ACh or norepinephrine (only ACh in muscle) |
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Term
| What are the 2 major subdivisions of the ANS |
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Definition
1. Sympathetic - fight or flight
2. Parasympathetic - Rest and digest |
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Term
| How do the 2 major divisions of the ANS interact with one another? |
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Definition
1. Tonically active
2. physiological antagonists |
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Term
| How do the 2 divisions of the ANS differ from one another |
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Definition
1. Location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies (brain stem in para, thoracic spine in symp)
2. Neurotransmitter released in postganglionic nueron (ACh in para, norepinephrine in symp)
3. Diffuse (symp) vs. targeted (para) neural outflow |
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Term
| What system of the ANS is not modulated by the parasympathetic pathway? |
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Definition
| Blood vessels - only controlled (constriction, dilation) by sympathetic |
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Term
| What effects does activation of the parasympathetic pathway have on the 8 organ systems it affects? |
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Definition
1. Pupil constriction
2. Increased saliva production
3. Constricts bronchi
4. Decreased heart rate
5. Stimulates peristalsis
6. Stimulates gastic secretion
7. Contracts bladder (stimulates excretion)
8. NO effect on blood vessels |
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Term
| What effects does activation of the sympathetic pathway have on the 8 organ systems it affects? |
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Definition
1. Pupil dilation
2. Decrease saliva flow
3. Increase heart rate
4. Dilates bronchi
5. Decrease peristalsis
6. Decrease gastic secretion
7. Inhibits excretion
8. Constriction/dilation of blood vessels |
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Term
| What is the adrenal medulla comprised of and what role does it accomplish? |
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Definition
1. Chromaffin cells
2. Innervation by cholinergic neurons stimulates the secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine) to act as neurohormones |
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Term
| Which ANS systems have M3 receptors and which branch of the ANS do they react to? |
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Definition
1. Eye, pulmonary, excretion, gastic production, digestion
2. Parasympathetic |
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Term
| Which ANS systems have M2 receptors and which branch of the ANS do they react to? |
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Definition
1. Cardiac
2. Parasympathetic |
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Term
| Which ANS systems have beta-2 receptors and which branch of the ANS do they react to? |
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Definition
1. pulmonary, excretion, digestive, gastric production, pulmonary
2. sympathetic |
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Term
| Which ANS systems have beta-1 receptors and which branch of the ANS do they react to? |
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Definition
1. Cardiac and eye
2. Sympathetic |
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Term
| Which ANS systems have alpha-1 or alpha-2 receptors and which branch of the ANS do they react to? |
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Definition
1. Eye (alpha-1) and pulmonary (both)
2. Sympathetic |
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Term
| What part of the body does the enteric nervous system control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 plexuses in the enteric nervous system and what does each control? |
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Definition
1. Myenteric - contraction and relaxation of muscle layers in the GI tract
2. Submucosal - controls secretion, blood flow and mucosal muscle |
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Term
Can the enteric nervous system function without the CNS?
What part of the ANS dominates control of the ENS? |
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Definition
1. Yes. It can function on its own
2. Parasympathetic function dominates the ENS |
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