Term
| What is an example of dual innervation that have th same overall effect? |
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Definition
| Salivation/both divisions increase salivary secretion/ different types of saliva are produced Parasympathetic- has a dominant role, watery Sympathetic-thicker saliva/feeling of dry mouth |
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Term
| Coordination and Cooperative effect |
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Definition
| when two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified effect |
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Term
| Examples of coordinate or cooperative effects |
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Definition
Cooperation is best seen in control of the external genitalia
sympathetic activity causes ejaculation in males and reflex peristalsis in females
parasympathetic activity causes vasodilation and is responsible for erection of the penis and clitoris
Both are responsible for sexual response. |
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Term
| Tissue that only have sympathetic innervation |
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Definition
| the adrenal medulla, sweat glands, vascular smooth muscle, piloerector muscles of the skin, liver, adipose tissue and kidney |
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Term
| What does the sympathetic division control without dual innervation? |
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Definition
The sympathetic division independently controls:
Thermoregulatory responses to heat
Release of renin from the kidneys
Metabolic effects |
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Term
| What is the main intergration site of ANS activity and what does it control? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus/ hunger, thirst, temperature regulation |
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Term
| What does to midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata control |
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Definition
| nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes |
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Term
| What does the spinal cord relex control and how? |
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Definition
defecation and micturition reflexes are integrated in spinal cord
we control these functions because of our control over skeletal muscle sphincters |
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Term
| What are the 2 NT of the ANS |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the key to understanding the sffects of the ANS? |
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Definition
| knowing which neurotransmitter it releases and what kind of receptors occur on the target cells. |
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Term
| type of NT and receptor for parasypatheitc activity |
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Definition
| preganglionic and postganglionic axons release acetylcholine and thus are called cholinergic |
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Term
| THe type of NT and receptor produced by the sympathetic system |
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Definition
preganglionic axon and a few postganglionic axons in the are also cholinergic (sweat glands)
most postganglionic axons release norepinephrine and are called adrenergic |
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla and the sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
Preganglionic fibers that synapse on chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete acetylcholine
Upon stimulation, chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) into the circulation.
Its a modified post sympathetic ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
An adrenal tumor of the chromaffin cells. It causes excessive secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Unlike normal adrenal it primarily secretes NE
Symptoms
Mimic the effects of sympathetic stimulation (i.e. increased HR, BP, cold hands and feet, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Reabsorbed by nerve fiber and either reused or broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Diffuse into the surrounding tissues, where it is degraded by another enzyme called catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Travel through bloodstream, where MAO and COMT are absent, then circulates throughout the body to exert synergistic effect with epinephrine from the adrenal gland
- Thus sympathetic effects tend to last longer than parasympathetic effects |
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Term
| The type of receptors are found on the effect organs of the parasympathetic divison |
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Definition
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Term
| What type tissues does the ANS contorl and what are the primary effectors? |
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Definition
| Controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle Primary/effectors of the ANS viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities body wall structures cutaneous blood vessels sweat glands piloerector muscles Not required for the effector function inly adjusts the activity |
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Term
| WHat are the physiologic effects of the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
Prepares body for physical activity (fight or flight)
Increases heart rate and blood flow
Deep and rapid breathing
The skin is cold (reduced blood flow) and sweaty
Dry mouth
Increases blood glucose
Inhibits digestive and urinary function |
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Term
| the enzyme found in the chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that methylates epinephrine producing norepinephrine |
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Definition
| phenyl-ethanolamine N-methyl-transferase (PNMT) |
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Term
| What does the paravertebral ganglia in the body wall control |
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Definition
| physiological effects above the liver (heart, eyes, saliva, bronchi) |
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Term
| What are the physiologic effects of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
Involves the D activities
digestion, diuresis and defecation
Keeps body energy use low
Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes after a meal
Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
GI tract activity is high
The skin is warm and the pupils are constricted |
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Term
| What does the prevertebral ganglia in the body wall control |
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Definition
| anything below the liver (liver, stomach, bladder, intestine, and sexual organs) |
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Term
| What tissues does the parasympathic system not innervate? |
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Definition
| sweat glands, piloerector muscles, or cutaneous blood vessels |
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Term
| How is autonomic tone produced? |
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Definition
| Both systems acting simultaneously on the same target organ |
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Term
| What is reciprocal or antagonistic effects of the ANS |
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Definition
when an organ has duel innervation and the effects oppose each other.
THis innervation can be on the same effector cells (heart)
different effector cells (the pupils of the eye) |
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Term
| Does the parasympathetic system control contractility? |
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Definition
| No, because it does not innervates the ventricles (only the SA, AV, and the atria) |
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Term
| What occurs when the sympathetic predominates in the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
Filling
Detrusor Muscle Relaxes (beta 2)
Internal Sphincter Muscle Contracts (Alpha 1, skeletal, voluntary)
External Sphincter Muscle
Simultaneously Contracts Voluntarily |
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Term
| What occurs when parasympathetic system predominates in the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
Emptying
Detrusor Muscle Contracts
Internal Sphincter Muscle Relaxes
External Sphincter Muscle
Simultaneously Relaxes Voluntarily |
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Term
| What occurs when the sympathetic system predominates in the smooth muscle of the iris? |
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Definition
| Pupillary dilator- radial muscle |
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Term
| What occurs when the parasympathetic system predominates in the smooth muscle of the iris? |
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Definition
| Pupillary constrictor –sphincter muscle |
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Term
| WHat is an example of dual ANS regulation that is not antagonistic? |
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Definition
Salivation
both increase salivary secretions
Parasympathetic predominates and the saliva is watery
sympathetic causes a thicker mucus, causes dry mouth |
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