Term
| What are the 2 main parts of the ns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The autonomic ns is divided into what 2 categories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long are the pre and post ganglionic neurons in the psns? |
|
Definition
| long preganglionic short postganglionic |
|
|
Term
| How long are the pre and post ganglionic neurons in the sns? |
|
Definition
| short preganglionic, long postganglionic |
|
|
Term
| Where do sns nerves arise? |
|
Definition
| thoracic and lumbar region of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| How does the sns discharge? |
|
Definition
| as a unit producing diffuse activation of target organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal post-ganglionic neurotransmitter of the sns? |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine; fight or flight |
|
|
Term
| From where do nn arise in psns? |
|
Definition
| from cranial and sacral region of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| In the psns, are the ganglia in organ systems or spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| organ systems, not in spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| How does the psns activate target tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principle post-ganglionic neurotransmitter of the psns? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine- rest and digest |
|
|
Term
| Which ans branch causes smooth mm contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary neurotransmitters in ans and somatic ns? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine- released from adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| What type of drugs activate or block receptors? This is the method of action of most autonomic drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of acetylcholine receptors (cholinergic)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of acetylcholine receptor acts at neuroeffector junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which acetylcholine receptor acts at all autonoomic ganglia and somatic neuromuscular jcts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of norepinephrine and epinephrine receptors (adrenergic)? |
|
Definition
| alpha and beta adrenergic receptors |
|
|
Term
| What baroreceptor reflex receptors are situated in the aortic arch and carotid sinus and are activated w/increased aa pressure? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cholinergic receptor is present at neuroeffector junctions (site of action)? |
|
Definition
| muscarinic (primarily, most drugs work here) |
|
|
Term
| Which cholinergic receptor is present at *all* autonomic ganglia- leads to postganglionic release of neurotransmitters at neuroeffector junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which autonomic ganglia are nicotinic cholinergic receptors present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there many or few primary uses for direct acting agonists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direct-cholinergic agonist is used to stimulate bladder or intestinal tract w/o having cardiac effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direct-cholinergic agonist is a topical agent for glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direct-cholinergic agonist is a topical agent for glaucoma and oral agent for xerostomia (dry mouth)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direct-cholinergic agonist is an oral, nasal, or transdermal product to assist in smoking cessation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direct-cholinergic agonist is a new synthetic direct agonist for xerostomia and dry eyes indicated after xrt tx or for pts w/sjogren's syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an autoimmune disease producing Abs against *nicotinic* receptors in skeletal mm that results in severe mm weakness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Against what receptors in skeletal mm do Abs in Myasthenia gravis act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cholinesterase drugs are used in myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| reversible cholinesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What is a short acting agent to dx myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are quaternary amines (so the doesn't cross the bbb) that are antidotes for neuromuscular blocking drugs such as d-tubocurarine? They are used in tx of myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| neostigmine and pyroidostigmine |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 reversible cholinesterase inhibitors used in tx of alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| donepezil (aricept)- qd. galantamine (rizatidine). rivastigmine (exelon). |
|
|
Term
| Are choline esters direct or indirect acting agents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direct acting agent- choline ester- has no tx use, is nonselective and has short duration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direct acting agent- choline ester- is muscarinic and has a longer duration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direct acting agent- choline ester- is predominatelly nicotinic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direct acting agent- choline ester- is predominately muscarinic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direct acting agent- plant alkaloid- comes from poisonous mushrooms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direct acting agent- plant alkaloid- comes from tobacco? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direct acting agent- plant alkaloid- comes from a small shrub and is predominately muscarinic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drugs for primary open angle glaucoma increases aq humor outflow? |
|
Definition
| prostaglandin analogs (now the most common drugs used). muscarinic receptor agonists. |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs for primary open angle glaucoma decrease aq humor productino? |
|
Definition
| alpha2-receptor agonists. beta-receptor antagonists. carbonic anhydrous inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 classes of muscarinic receptor antagonists? |
|
Definition
| beladonna alkaloids. semisynthetic and synthetic antagonists. |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 classes of nicotinic receptor antagonists? |
|
Definition
| ganglionic blocking agents. neuromuscular blocking agents. |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 classes of neuromuscular blocking agents? |
|
Definition
| nondepolarizing. depolarizing. |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 classes of cholinergic receptor antagonists? |
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagonists and nicotinic receptor antagonists. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common of the cholinergic drugs? |
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagonists |
|
|
Term
| What are also known as **anticholinergic** drugs? |
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagonists |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic receptor antagonists are also known as what? |
|
Definition
| also known as **anticholinergic** drugs |
|
|
Term
| What type of antagonists are most muscarinic receptor antagonists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are natural substances are muscarinic receptor antagonists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group contains atropine from atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prototypical anticholinergic agent? |
|
Definition
| atropine, a belladonna alkaloid |
|
|
Term
| Atropine, scopalamine, and hyoscyamine are all part of what class of drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is anticholinergic agents' anticipated response in the eye? |
|
Definition
| mydriasis, paralysis of accomodation |
|
|
Term
| What is anticholinergic agents' anticipated response regarding sweating? |
|
Definition
| blocked, increase in body temp |
|
|
Term
| What is anticholinergic agents' anticipated response in secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is anticholinergic agents' anticipated response in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| bronchodilation, reduced secretions |
|
|
Term
| What is anticholinergic agents' anticipated response in intestinal motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is anticholinergic agents' anticipated response in the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The clinical uses of which belladonna alkaloid includes tx of sinus bradycardia and colinesterase inhibitor overdose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The clinical uses of which belladonna alkaloid includes tx of gi spasms? |
|
Definition
| hyoscamine (L) isomer of atropine |
|
|
Term
| The clinical uses of which belladonna alkaloid includes a transdermal patch for motion sickness- releases 1 mg over 72 hrs? |
|
Definition
| scopalamine (transderm scop) |
|
|
Term
| The toxicity profile for what class of drugs includes: dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, palpitations, urinary retention, delerium, and hallucinations? |
|
Definition
| toxicity profile, belladonna alkaloids |
|
|
Term
| What are teh relative contraindications for belladonna alkaloids? |
|
Definition
| glaucoma, prostatic hyperplasia, dementia, delerium |
|
|
Term
| What class of drugs includes oxybutinin, tolterodine, and solifenacin? |
|
Definition
| synthetic and semisynthetic muscarinic receptor antagonists |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 drugs used for hyperactive bladder? |
|
Definition
| oxybutinin (ditropan), tolterodine (detrol), solifenacin (VESIcare) |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 classes of nicotinic receptor antagonists? |
|
Definition
| ganglionic blocking agents, neuromuscular blocking agents |
|
|
Term
| What class of nicotinic receptor antagonists block nicotinic receptors at ganglia? |
|
Definition
| ganglionic blocking agents |
|
|
Term
| What class of nicotinic receptor antagonists are only useful for research b/c they block all autonomic outflow-not useful clinically anymore b/c of potential toxicity? |
|
Definition
| ganglionic blocking agents |
|
|
Term
| What class of nicotinic receptor antagonists inhibits neurotransmission at skeletal neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
| neuromuscular blocking agents |
|
|
Term
| What class of nicotinic receptor antagonists cause mm weakness and paralysis? |
|
Definition
| neuromuscular blocking agents |
|
|
Term
| How do pesticides act in the body? |
|
Definition
| *irreversible* cholinesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Pesticides belong to what class of drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do indirect-acting cholinergic agonsits act on cholinesterase? |
|
Definition
| *irreversible* cholinesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Which indirect-acting cholinergic agonist is very lipid soluble? |
|
Definition
| isoflurophate (dfp)- *irreversible* cholinesterase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Which indirect-acting cholinergic agonist is a quaternary compound? |
|
Definition
| echothiophate, *irreversible* cholinesterase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Which indirect-acting cholinergic agonist acts on mammals and birds by inactivation by hydrolisis (insects do not- common pesticide)? |
|
Definition
| malathion- *irreversible* cholinesterase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| The following s/s of organophosphate toxicity are associated with what class of drugs: bradycardia, hypotension, salivation, sweating, lacrimation, miosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The following s/s of organophosphate toxicity are associated with what class of drugs: mm fibrillation, mm fasciculation, mm paralysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cns effects of organophosphate toxicity? |
|
Definition
| confusion, ataxia, coma, respiratory paralysis |
|
|
Term
| How do nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents act? |
|
Definition
| *competitive* antagonists of acetylcholine at nicotine receptor, *preventing depolarization by ach* |
|
|
Term
| Which has greater cns effects: scopolamine or atropine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which prototypical anticholinergic agent is a muscarinic antagonist, belladonna alkaloid, widely distributed, t1/2=2hrs, eye effect>72 hrs, and blocks m1, m2, and m3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only agent of the depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug consists of 2 ach molecules linked together? |
|
Definition
| succinylcholine- a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent |
|
|
Term
| What is the pharmacologic antidote for succinylcholine? |
|
Definition
| no pharmacologic antidote exists. effects cannot be reversed by chlinesterase inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
| Which indirect-acting cholinergic agonist (reversible cholinesterase inhibitor) is a quaternary amine and is poorly absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which indirect-acting cholinergic agonist (reversible cholinesterase inhibitor) is a neostigmine analogue w/shorter duration and is also a quaternary amine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which indirect-acting cholinergic agonist (reversible cholinesterase inhibitor) is an alkaloid from calabar bean (ordeal bean) and is a tertiary amine- can penetrate the cns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 3 drugs are reversible cholinesterase inhibitors that are indirect-acting cholinergic agonists? |
|
Definition
| neostigmine, edrophonium (tensilon), and physostigmine |
|
|
Term
| The following drugs belong to what class: neostigmine, edrophonium (tensilon), and physostigmine? |
|
Definition
| reversible cholinesterase inhibitors that are indirect-acting cholinergic agonists |
|
|
Term
| How do indirect-acting cholinergic agonists act? |
|
Definition
| reversible cholinesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| How many risk points are associated w/the following drugs: amitriptyline, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and oxybutinin? |
|
Definition
| anticholinergic risk- 3 points |
|
|
Term
| How many risk points are associated w/the following drugs: cetirizine (zyrtec), loratidine, olanzapine, tolterodine? |
|
Definition
| anticholinergic risk- 2 pts |
|
|
