Term
| What are the branches of the nervous system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the branches of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
| motor(efferent) and sensory(afferent) |
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Term
| What are the branches of the motor nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the branches of the autonomic system? |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| What is the name for the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated? |
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Definition
| normal physiological responses |
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Term
| What are some examples of normal physiological responses seen with the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
-lots of blood to the digestive system
-heart rate/depth and respiration slower
-pupils constrict
-increased SLUD |
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Term
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Definition
salivation
lacrimation
urination
defecation |
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Term
| What are some things that occur when the sympathetic/fight or flight system is activsted? |
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Definition
-decreased digestion
-increased heart rate/respiration
-pupils dilate(better to see far away)
-decreae is SLUD |
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Term
| When does a neutrotransmitter work? What is it? |
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Definition
-acts as a ligand
-does not do anything until it binds to a receptor |
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Term
| How does the release of a NT at a presynaptic membrane work? |
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Definition
-action potential reaches axon terminal
-opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
-influc of Ca2+ causes fusion of vesicles with presynaptic membrane
-neurotransmitter released into synapse(binds to receptors on the effectors) |
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Term
| What are the two types of receptors in the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
-postganglionic neuron
-effectors |
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Term
| What are postganglionic neurons? Where are the located? |
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Definition
-all motor neurons
-on dentrites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do preganglionic neurons release? What does this stimulate? |
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Definition
-release ACh
-stimulates postganglionic |
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Term
| When do the postganglionic then release? What does this do? |
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Definition
-released ACh
-then stimulates or inhibits an effector |
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Term
| What are the 2 series of neurons in the autonomic nervous system? Where do they get their signals? |
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Definition
1.preganglionic-gets signal from CNS
2.postganglionic-gets signal from preganglionicl |
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Term
| In the parasympathetic system, is the preganglionic or postganglionic receptor longer? What about the sympathetic? |
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Definition
1.parasympathetic- pre is longer
2.sympathetic- post is longer |
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Term
| What do postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system release? What do the effectors have? |
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Definition
| Norepinephrine or epinephrine, effectors have adrenergic(NE) receptors |
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Term
| What does the "effector" do in the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| carries out the action(constricts pupils, etc.) |
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Term
| What does ACh stand for? What are its receptors called? |
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Definition
| Acetylchloine, cholinergic receptors |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do muscarinic receptors do? |
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Definition
-contraction of smooth muscle in bronchioles
-increases SLUD
-decreases heart rate |
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Term
| What is the abbreavation for muscarinic receptors? Is it excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
| mACh, can be excitatory or inhibitory |
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Term
| What is the abbreviation for nicotinic receptors? What do they cause? Is it excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
-nACh
-contraction of skeletal muscles
-alway excitatory |
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Term
| Where are muscarinic receptors found? |
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Definition
| on all effectors in the parastmpathetic effectors but not on neurons |
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Term
| Where are nicotinic receptors found? |
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Definition
| -on postganaglionic dendrites |
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Term
| What are mimetic drugs? lytic/anti/blocker drugs? |
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Definition
1.mimetic are agonist drugs that act like the natural ligand
2.lytic/anti/blocker drugs are antagonists that shut off the ligand receptor |
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Term
| What are the 2 ANS drug groups? |
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Definition
1.cholinergic drugs
2.adrenergic drugs |
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Term
| Is a drug binds to mACh will it bind to nACh? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| WHat do cholinergic drugs act on? |
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Definition
| parasympathetic neurons or effectors |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of cholinergic drugs? |
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Definition
1.parasympathomimetics or cholinergic agents
2.parasympatholytics or anticholinergics |
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Term
| What do parasympathomimetics or cholinergic agents do? What about parasympatholytics or anticholinergic? |
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Definition
1.parasympathomimetics or cholinergic agents INDUCE parasympathetic effects
2.parasympatholytics or anticholinergic BLOCK parasympathetic effects |
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Term
| What do andrenergic drugs do? What are the 2 categories? |
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Definition
-act on sympathetic neurons or effectors
-mimetics or adrenergic agonists and lytics, adrenergic antagonists or adrenergic blockers |
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Term
| What do parasympathomimetics do? |
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Definition
| induce rest and digest(consrticts pupils, decreases heart rate, constricts bronchioles, increases GI, increases SLUD) |
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Term
| What can parasympathomimetics be used to treat? |
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Definition
-xerostomia
-urinary retention
-glaucoma
-myasthenia gravis |
|
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Term
| What does myasthenia gravis cause? |
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Definition
| ptosis(drooping of the eyelid) |
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Term
| What are some conditions treated with parasympathomimetics? |
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Definition
-Nicotinic receptor activity
-mixed muscarinic and nicotinic receptor activity
-primarily miscarinic receptor activity
-indirect cholinergic agonists |
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Term
| What are Nicotinic receptor activity drugs used to treat? What is it? |
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Definition
| it is nicotine used to treat nicotine addiction, the receptors get stimulated less and less |
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Term
| What are some drug examples that treat Nicotinic receptor activity? |
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Definition
| nicotine- (Commit, Nicoderm CQ) |
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Term
| What is an example of a drug that treats mixed muscarinic and nicotinic activity? What is it used for? |
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Definition
-carbachol(Miostat)
-for glaucoma, may be used prior to eye surgery |
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Term
| What are some problems caused primarily by muscarinic actitivy? |
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Definition
-urinary retention, low GI activity
-glaucoma and xerostomia |
|
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Term
| What is a drug used to treat urinary retention or low GI activity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a drug used to treat glaucoma and xerostomia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do indirect cholinergic agonsits treat? |
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Definition
| alzeheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis |
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Term
| What are 2 drugs used to treat alzheimer's disease? |
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Definition
1.rivastigmine(Exelon)
2.donepezil(Aricept) |
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Term
| What is a drug used to treat myashenia gravis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can cholinesterase inhibitors be used as? |
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Definition
| poisons line insecticides and nerve gases |
|
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Term
| Where can these poisons be absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some contridictions for parasympathomimetics? |
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Definition
-asthma
-peptic ulcers
-hyperthyroidism
-GI or urinary obstruction |
|
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Term
| What are some adverse effects of parasympathomimetics? |
|
Definition
-bradycardia
-pupil constriction
-bronchial constriction |
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Term
| What type of drug is an anticholinergic? What do they do? |
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Definition
| antagonist, block resting and digesting responses |
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Term
| What can anticholinergc drugs be used to treat? |
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Definition
-motion sickness
-hypersalvation
-urinary incontinence
-irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)
-COPD
-skeletel muscle tension |
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Term
| What muscarinic receptor antagonist is used to treat arrhythmias and COPD? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What muscarinic receptor antagonist is used to treat motion sickness? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What muscarinic receptor antagonist is used to treat allergies? |
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Definition
| diphenhydramine(Benadrly) |
|
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Term
| What muscarinic receptor antagonist is used to treat urinary incontinence? |
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Definition
| tolterodine tartrate(Detrol) |
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Term
| What are some contradictions to using anticholinergic drugs? |
|
Definition
-glaucoma
-cardiovascular disease
-GI or urinary obstruction |
|
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Term
| What are some adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs? |
|
Definition
-xerostomia
-blurred vision
-urinary retention
-GI retention/constipation
-decreased respiration |
|
|
Term
| What are the different adrenergic receptors? (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle contraction, pupil dilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit NE secretion, decreases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| works with heart, increases heart rate and causes renin secretion(from kidneys, increases blood pressure) |
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Term
|
Definition
| works with lungs, dilates smooth muscle in lungs, and blood vessels serving skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What do b2 receptors also do? |
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Definition
| prevents uterine contraction, prevents preterm labor |
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Term
| What do sympathomimetics do? |
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Definition
| induce fight or flight responses(dilates pupils, increase heart rate, dilates bronchioles, decreases GI activity) |
|
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Term
| What can sympathomimetics be used to treat? |
|
Definition
-congestion
-asthma
-anaphylaxis
-ADHD |
|
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Term
| What do direct a agonists treat? |
|
Definition
-shock
-nasal congestion, low blood pressure |
|
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Term
| What medication is used to treat shock? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What medication is used to treat nasal congestion/low blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| phenylephrine(Sudafed-PE) |
|
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Term
| What do b agonists treat? |
|
Definition
-anaphylaxis
-asthma
-uterine contractions
-low cardiac output |
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Term
| WHat is a B agonist used to treat anaphylaxis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a b2 agonist used to treat asthma? |
|
Definition
| albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil) |
|
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Term
| What is a b2 agonist used to treat uterine contractions? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is a b agonist used to treat low cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is a mixed a/b agonist used to treat? |
|
Definition
-apatite suppression
-nasal congestion |
|
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Term
| What is a mixed a/b agonist used to treat apatite suppression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a mixed a/b agonist used to treat nasal congestion? |
|
Definition
| pseudoephedrine-(Sudafed) |
|
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Term
| What is an indirect agonist used to treat? Drug example? |
|
Definition
| stimulate that treats ADHD- methylphenidate (Ritalin, Adderal) |
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Term
| What are some adverse reactions of sympathomimetics? |
|
Definition
-xerostomia
-cardiac arrhymias
-tachycardia
-hypertension
-tremors |
|
|
Term
| People with what conditions should not take smypathomimetics? |
|
Definition
-angina
-hypertension
-hyperthyroidism
-low gastric motility |
|
|
Term
| What do andrenergic antagonists do? What are they used to treat? |
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Definition
| -prevent fight or flight response -used to treat.. hypertension migraines glaucoma prostate hypertrophy |
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Term
| What do selective a1 blockers treat? |
|
Definition
| hypertension, prostatic hypertrophy |
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Term
| What are some a1 blockers used to treat hypertension? (2) What about prostatic hypertrophy? |
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Definition
1.prazosin(Minipress) 2.doxazosin(Cardura)
prostatic hypertrophy- tamsulosin(Flomax) |
|
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Term
| What are mixed a/b blockers used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a mixed a/b blocker used to treat hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What do b-blocker drugs end in? What are the 2 types? |
|
Definition
-end in "olol"
-nonselective and selective(only b1) |
|
|
Term
| What do nonselective b blockers treat? |
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Definition
| hypertension, arrhythmias, migraines, glaucoma,angina |
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Term
| WHat is a nonselective b-blocker used to treat hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, migraines, etc? What is one to treat migraines? Glaucoma? (2) |
|
Definition
1.propranolol(Inderal)
2.timolol(Blocadren-hypertension, migraine, Timoptic- glaucoma) |
|
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Term
| What are 2 selective B1 blockers that are used to treat hypertension, angina, arrhythemias, etc? |
|
Definition
1.metoprolol(Lopressor, Toprol-XL)
2.atenolol(Tenormin) |
|
|
Term
| What type of hypertensive patient might we prescribed selective b1 blockers? |
|
Definition
| one whose blood pressure is not easily controlled |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse reactions of adrenergic antagonists? |
|
Definition
-decreased systolic blood pressure
-bradycardia
-dizziness |
|
|
Term
| What are some contradictions for adrenergic antagonists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sympathhetomimetic drug used in dentistry that will impact many types of patients? |
|
Definition
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