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Autonomic and Somatic Systems; Skeletal Muscle Contraction.
Wacker 2/2/11 lecture moved to 2/4/11
112
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
01/30/2011

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Term
Definition
you better know that afferent = sensory and efferent= motor
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
feed and breed/rest and digest
Term
sympathetic
Definition
fight or flight
Term
how much a muscle is contracted
Definition
what proprioceptors tell you
Term
golgi tendon organ
Definition
what organ is used by proprioceptors
Term
change in stretch (ex: lung inflation)
Definition
what mechanoreceptors detect
Term
mechanoreceptors are lightly myelinated, not sure about proprio, NOciceptors are NOT
Definition
which afferent fibers are myelinated?
Term
pain (chemical signaling) -they are SLOW

also can be stimulated by stretch -there is some overlap with the receptors
Definition
what do nociceptors detect
Term
spinal cord
Definition
where somatic afferent fibers travel
Term
spinal cord & vagus nerve (CN X) to the medulla
Definition
where visceral afferent fibers travel
Term
both
Definition
if the vagus nerve is cut, are afferent or efferent fibers lost?
Term
dorsal root ganglia (and nodose ganglia for vagal afferent)
Definition
where afferent cell bodies are located
Term
vagal afferent nerve cell bodies, located right outside the brain
Definition
what is in the nodose ganglia, where is it?
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
vagus nerve does sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Term
1 neuron in the PNS, 2 in the ANS
Definition
how many neurons are used in the PNS vs. the ANS?
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
what neurotransmitter is release from the preganglionic sympathetic neuron?
Term
norepinephrine, NO2, ATP
Definition
what neurotransmitter is released from the post-ganglionic sympathetic neuron
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
what neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron?
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
what neurotransmitter is released from the post-ganglionic parasympathetic neuron
Term
sympathetic
Definition
the part of the ANS adrenergic receptors are found
Term
parasympathetic & sympathetic sweat glands
Definition
the part of the ANS where muscarinic receptors are found
Term
sympathetic, acetylcholine, muscarinic receptor
Definition
what branch of the ANS are sweat glands in, what neurotransmitter is release from the post-ganglionic neuron, and what receptor is present?
Term
sympathetic-short, long
adrenal sympathetic->adrenal medulla-> chromaffin cell -> blood
parasympathetic-long, short
Definition
compare lengths of pre/post ganglionic neurons in the ANS
Term
paracrine
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetics are ______ in nature where the adrenal medulla is endocrine
Term
Curare-this results in paralysis, as N1 receptors are found in skeletal muscle
Definition
what drug blocks N1 receptors
Term
hexomethonium (autonomic ganglia blocker)
Definition
what drug/chemical blocks N2 receptors, but not N1?
Term
somatic motor pathway (N1=nicotinic receptors)
Definition
where are N1 receptors found
Term
sympathetic (after the post-ganglionic neuron)
Definition
where are alpha/beta adrenergic receptors found(general)?
Term
beta blockers
Definition
blocks postganglionic sympathetic neurons, but not pre-ganglionic
Term
epinephrine
Definition
what does the adrenal cortex secrete into the bloodstream
Term
smooth and cardiac muscle
some endocrine and exocrine glands
some adipose tissue
Definition
what are the autonomic effector cells/organs/tissue
Term
parasympathetic sacral nerves
Definition
innervates the descending colon, anal sphincter, (bladder), detrusor, and trigone
Term
parasympathetic-Vagus nerve (CN X)
Definition
innervates heart, lungs, stomach, pylorus, ascending and transverse colon, small intestine, and illeocecal valve
Term
head, eye (and everything below-heart, lungs, liver, GI, kidneys, pelvic organs)
Definition
if the spinal cord was severed at T1 these organs would lose sympathetic innervation
Term
heart, lungs (and everything below it!) GI, kidney, liver, pelvic organs
Definition
if the spinal cord was severed at T1-T4, these organs would lose sympathetic innervation
Term
liver, kidney, GI (and everything below-pelvic organs)
Definition
if the spinal cord was severed at T5-T11, these organs would lose sympathetic innervation
Term
pelvic organs (not fatal)
Definition
if the spinal cord was severed at L1-L3 these organs would lose sympathetic innervation
Term
the POST ganglionic neuron branches (in both cases the longer neuron does the branching)
Definition
how do sympathetic neurons reach multiple places on an organ (like SA node and AV node)
Term
the PRE ganglionic neuron branches-there are lots of short post ganglionic neurons
Definition
how do parasympathetic neurons reach multiple parts of an organ (like SA node, AV node)
Term
when there is afferent stimulation, and efferent response without stimulation of higher brain centers

eX: visceral afferent-> spine -> preganglionic efferent -> (white rami) -> paravertebral ganglion -> postganglionic neuron -> target cell
Definition
definition of a reflex arc
Term
chromaffin cell
Definition
modified postganglioic sympathetic neuron that releases epinephrine neurohormone
Term
sympathetic pre-ganglionic
Definition
_____ neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine into the blood stream
Term
ALL MUSCARINIC
Definition
what type of receptors the effector organs with parasympathetic innervation have
Term
alpha, dilates pupil
Definition
type of adrenergic receptor found on the pupil of the eye, what happens when it is stimulated?
Term
beta 1, increases rate and force of contraction
Definition
type of adrenergic receptor found on the heart, what happens when it is stimulated?
Term
beta 2, bronchodilation
Definition
type of adrenergic receptor found on the lungs, what happens when it is stimulated?
Term
alpha 1,2; beta 2, decreases motility and secretions
Definition
type of adrenergic receptor found on the intestine, what happens when it is stimulated?
Term
constrict limbs, dilate coronary (Shunt blood to survival organs)
Definition
a sympathetic response would ______ limb blood vessels and _______ coronary blood vessels
Term
G protein
Definition
what type of receptors are muscarinic receptors on the cellular level?
Term
subunits of the g protein alter ion permeability
Definition
how do muscarinic receptors work on the cellular level in the heart
Term
phospholipase C pathway is stimulated, causing bronchoconstriction
Definition
how do muscarinic receptors work on the cellular level in the bronchioles
Term
the adenylyl cyclase pathway is stimulated
Definition
how do muscarinic receptors work on the cellular level in the GI tract
Term
g proteins
Definition
what kind of receptors are alpha/beta adrenergic receptors (cellular)
Term
stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway

(in the heart this opens Ca channels to constrict, and in the lungs closes Ca channels to relax)
Definition
how do beta adrenergic receptors work on the cellular level in the heart & bronchioles
Term
inhibition of adenylyl cyclase pathway(closing sodium channels)
Definition
how do alpha adrenergic receptors work on the cellular level in the GI tract
Term
true, muscarinic receptors directly opposes this in the GI tract, but uses alternate pathways in the heart and lungs)
Definition
true or false, sympathetic responses (in adrenergic receptors) involve stimulating and inhibiting the adenylyl cyclase path in different body parts
Term
the muscarinic receptors are stimulated by the Ach to open potassium channels, which hyperpolarizes the membrane. this makes it take longer for pacemaker cells to depolarize and reach action potential, slowing the heart rate
Definition
how does ACh release by parasympathetic system decrease HR?
Term
seeing a pretty lady (like sympathetic response) also-atropine from deadly night shade plant causes pupil dilation
Definition
what does the bella donna response refer to?
Term
when it binds to the beta 1 (and beta 2) receptors it causes a cascade of phosphorylation starting with a G protein, which eventually opens calcium channels(Ca++ flows in). This makes it easier/faster for the SA node cells to depolarize
Definition
how does norepi release by the sympathetic system change HR and contraction strength
Term
symp-metabotropic
parasymp-metabotropic
Definition
the sympathetic response in the heart is ______ and the parasympathetic response in the heart is _______ (ionotropic, metabotropic)
Term
Ach muscarinic receptors(as always) cause an increase in cytosolic calcium [binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum and causes Ca release] which increases smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction)
Definition
how does the parasympathetic change the diameter of bronchioles
Term
epi/norepi binds to beta receptors causing pka phosphorylation thing CLOSING calcium channels, decreasing the actin/myosin interaction, decreasing smooth musc contraction -> bronchodilation
Definition
how does the sympathetic system affect smooth muscle in the bronchioles?
Term
take away the calcium
Definition
how do you relax smooth muscle?
Term
open sodium channels with PKA thing, causing depolarization of muscle cells and increase contraction
Definition
how do parasympathetic muscarinic receptors in the intestine work?
Term
an inhibitor g protein stops pka thing and causes decreased polarization and contraction by CLOSING sodium channels (Exact opposite of parasympathetic)
Definition
how do sympathetic alpha 2 receptors work in the intestine
Term
gut: symp-close Na+(decreased pka)
para-open Na+(with pka)
lung: symp-close Ca++(with pKA)
para-open Ca+(with IP3)

heart: symp-open Ca+(with pka)
para-open K+
Definition
match the channels with the location and system

channel: open K+, open Ca+(with pka), open Ca+(with IP3), close Ca++(with pKA), open Na+(with pka), close Na+(decreased pka)
locations: heart, lungs, gut
system: parasympathetic, sympathetic
Term
sodium, calcium
Definition
increased depolarization occurs when ___ channels are opened
Term
K+ and/or Cl- (and sodium/Ca++ close)
Definition
hyperpolarization occurs when ___ channels open
Term
sympathomimetic
Definition
substances that mimic the affect of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
parasympathomimetic
Definition
substances that mimic the affect of the parasympathetic nervous system
Term
sympatholytic
Definition
substance that inhibits the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
parasympatholytic(anticholergeinic)
Definition
substance that inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
Term
muscarine & ACh(parasymphathetomimetic)
Definition
muscarinic(M1-M5) agonist
Term
atropine (sympathomimetic)
Definition
muscarinic antagonist
Term
phenylephrine
Definition
alpha 1 agonist
Term
phentolamine
Definition
alpha 1 antagonist
Term
blood vessels
Definition
where did wacker say alpha 1 receptors are that phenylephrine/phentolamine work on?
Term
pre-synaptic nerve terminal (and the gut)
Definition
where are alpha 2 receptors 
Term
clonidine
Definition
alpha 2 agonist
Term
yohimbine
Definition
alpha 2 antagonist
Term
dobutamine (sympathomimetic)
Definition
beta 1 agonist
Term
metoprolol, atenolol (blocks increase in HR) kind of paraympathomimetic
Definition
beta 1 antagonist
Term
lungs
Definition
beta 2 location
Term
heart
Definition
beta 1 location
Term
albuterol (sympathomimetic)
Definition
beta 2 agonist
Term
butoxamine: propranolol (parasympathomimetic)
Definition
beta 2 antagonist
Term
epi/norepinephrine
Definition
what has variable affinity for the alpha/beta receptors?
Term
reuptake, breakdown, release
Definition
in addition to agonist/antagonists, substances can block neurotransmitter (3 ways)
Term
block break down of norepinephrine
Definition
what do MAOI's do?
Term
seratonin and dopamine
Definition
tricyclics are "old" antidepressants that block ___ and ___ reuptake
Term
increase 1)norepi, 2)dopamine, and 3)seratonin release
Definition
3 actions we need to know about amphetamines
Term
autonomic tone
Definition
refers to the fact that most things have a small amount of neural stimulation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
sympathetic
Definition
blood vessels are primarily innervated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
Term
para
Definition
the gut is primarily innervated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
Term
sympathetic
Definition
sweat glands are primarily innervated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
Term
increased heart rate (still some tonic vagal innervation)
Definition
what happens to the heart if the vagus nerve is cut on one side?
Term
decreased HR
Definition
what happens to the heart if sympathetics are cut off on one side?
Term
tone is lost, but no you are not screwed, the adrenal medulla can regulate things with endocrine mechanisms (like with heart transplants before the nerves grow back (if they do)
Definition
if there is denervation of a tissue what happens, and are you totally screwed?
Term
high BP lowers heart rate (due to mechanoreceptors detecting stretch in the aorta)
Definition
what is the baroceptor reflex
Term
smells trigger salivation
Definition
what is an aexample of a GI reflex?
Term
just to the medulla (apparently this doesn't count as a high brain center) -it slows heart rate
Definition
where does the vagal reflex travel?
Term
mechanoreceptors in the aorta and carotid sinus detect then BP is too high, then travel to the medula to stimulate vagal efferent fibers slowing cardiac output and thus BP
Definition
how does the baroreceptor reflex work?
Term
medulla
Definition
what is the relay center for the ans?
Term
medulla (and pons)
Definition
what part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
Term
nucleus of the solitary tract (brainstem/medulla)
Definition
where do visceral afferents relay in the brain?
Term
vagal nerve stimulator
Definition
what can epileptics have implanted to calm them down
Term
vagus nerve is bumped causing increase blood pressure, leading to baroceptor reflex leading to vagal efferent, leading to slowed heart rate ?check this?
Definition
why pulse should not be taken on the carotid
Term
somatic (not visceral)
Definition
focused synaptic target
Term
sympathetic/parasympathetic tone
Definition
basal rate of activity in the ANS
Term
BOTH!!! don't forget the muscarinic receptors on sweat glands, part of the sympathetics
Definition
muscarine will activate ______ (sympathetic/parasympathetics)?
Term
BOTH! the postganglionic neurons of both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are Ach nicotinic receptors. (of the N2 type) what blocks this? --->hexomethonium
Definition
nicotine will stimulate ______ (parasympathetic, sympathetic)
Term
nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neurons
Definition
where are ionotropic receptors in the ANS?
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