Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| this nervous system has short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons that release Nor epi at the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| where are the axons and cell bodies of the postganglionics of the sympathetic nervous system located? |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the postganglionics of this nervous system release Ach which activates a muscarinic receptor on the target organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The somatic fibers release Ach which activates ________ receptors at the motor end plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the adrenal gland, __________ cells are the post ganglionic cells, they release epi and nor epi |
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Term
| increased HR and increased FC |
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response to Β₁ receptors in the heart?
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Term
| decreased heart rate, and decreased FC |
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Definition
what is the parasympathetic response to Muscarinic receptors on the heart?
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Term
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response on α₁ α₂ receptors on the blood vessels?
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Term
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Definition
| what is the sympathetic response to Β₂ receptors in the blood vessels? |
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Term
| dilate (extra junctional) |
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Definition
| what is the parasympathetic response to muscarinic receptors in the blood vessels? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the sympathetic response of α and Β receptors in the GI tract? |
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Term
| Increased motility and tone |
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Definition
| What is the response of parasympathetic receptors in the GI tract? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response of α₁ and Β₂ receptors in the eye?
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Term
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Definition
| What is the response of parasympathetic receptors in the eye? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response of α, Β receptors in the bladder?
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Term
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Definition
| what is the response of parasympathetic receptors in the bladder? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response of Β₂ receptors in in the bronchial smooth muscle?
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Term
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Definition
| what is the parasympathetic response of the muscarinc receptors in the broncial smooth muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response of Β₂ receptors in the uterus?
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Term
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response of Β₁ receptors in the kidney?
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Term
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Definition
what is the sympathetic response of α₁ receptors in the male sex organ?
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Term
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Definition
| what is the response of parasympathetic receptors in the male sex organ? |
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Term
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Definition
| sweat glands are activated sympathetically and parasympathetically by which type of receptors? |
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Term
| decreased sympathetic tone |
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Definition
| what is the sympathetic response of α₂ receptors in the CNS? |
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Term
| decreased transmitter release |
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Definition
| what is the sympathetic response of α₂ receptors on presynaptic neurons? |
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Term
| decreased transmitter release |
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Definition
| what is the response of parasympathetic receptors on presynaptic neurons? |
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Term
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Definition
Nor epi is an agonist of ___ and
___ receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| what is converted to nor epi in the brain or adrenal gland? |
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Term
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Definition
| nor epi may be taken up by the target organ and metabolized by _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| also, nor epi may be broken down when _________ binds to it and takes it back to the nerve terminal where it is metabolized by _________ |
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Term
| extrajunctional receptors |
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter may leave the synapse and contact _______________, which are usually waiting for hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| all α and B receptors are activated by __________ but the response depends which organ the receptor is on. |
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Term
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Definition
| the __________ does not produce a response, it blocks it. |
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Term
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Definition
| In humans, the predominant tone tends to be ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood pressure is only under _____________ tone. |
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Term
1. epinephrine
2. norepinephrine
3. dopamine
4. Pseudoephedrine |
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Definition
| Name the 4 mixed adrenergic agonists |
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Term
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Definition
| Although epinephrine activates all four receptors, it has a greater affinity for _____ and _____ |
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Term
| increase BP and decrease HR |
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Definition
| what will a large dose of epinephrine do to BP and HR? |
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Term
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Definition
| althought nor epi binds to all four receptors it has the strongest affinity for _____ and ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| this non selective adreergic agonist is used in heart failure and will cause the renal artery to dilate. |
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Term
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Definition
| This nonselective adrenergic agonist binds to receptors in mucous membranes and is vasoconstrictive. It can cause tachycardia |
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Term
1.Phenylephrine
2. Methoxamine |
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Definition
| Name the two selective alpha-1 agonists |
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Term
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Definition
| this selective α₁ agonist is a vasoconstricter given by I.V. to help with hypotension. A side effect may be bradycardia due to the baroreceptor reflex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name a selective α₂ agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| this selective α₂ agonist is a centrally- acting antihypertensive |
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Term
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Definition
| these drugs usually have names that end in -ol |
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Term
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Definition
| name a nonselective beta agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| this non-selective beta agonist is used in transplants to maintain HR and decrease preload and afterload |
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Term
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Definition
Name a selective Β₁ agonist
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Term
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Definition
this selective Β₁ agonist is primarily used in cardiac patients to raise the force of contractions without raising heart rate in a low IV dose. However, a tolerance will develop quickly and over a few weeks and higher does will increase HR.
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Term
1. metaproterenol
2. terbutaline
3.albuterol
4. salmeterol |
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Definition
name the 4 selective Β₂ agonists
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Term
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Definition
this selective Β₂ agonist is given to relax a uterus having premature contractions.
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Term
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Definition
this selective Β₂ agonist activates receptors in the airway to open them up
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Term
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Definition
this selective Β₂ receptor is used for asthma and has a long half life.
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Term
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Definition
| name a nonselective alpha antagonist |
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Term
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Definition
| this nonselective alpha antagonist is used for O.D. of alpha agonists; used in patients with pheochromocytoma. Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, and parasympathetic effects because there can be no feedback inhibition. |
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Term
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Definition
Name two selective α₁ receptor antagonists
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Term
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Definition
| selective ___ antagonists are used to treat hypertension, and these are good because feedback control can still be maintained, and the lack of orthostatic hypotension will develop over time |
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Term
| Beta antagonists/ beta blockers |
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Definition
| these drugs usually have names that end in -olol |
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Term
1.propranolol
2. nadolol
3.timolol
4. pindolol |
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Definition
| name the 4 non-selective beta antagonists |
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Term
1. atenolol
2. metropolol |
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Definition
name 2 selective Β₁ antagonists
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Term
1. labetalol
2. carvedilol |
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Definition
These 2 nonselective beta antagonists may also bind to α₁ receptors and cause problems for asthmatics.
-thy are 10x more selective for B than α₁, and the treatment of choice for heart failure.
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Term
1. tyramine
2. ephedrine
3. psuedoephedine
4. amphetamine |
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Definition
| name 4 indirectly acting adrenergic agonists |
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Term
1. cocaine
2. tricyclic antidepressants
3. amphetamine (high dose) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| this uptake blocker blocks transporter uptake 1, blocking the uptake of dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| this uptake blocker can stimulate the release of transmitter and block its uptake |
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Term
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Definition
| this synapse is located away from a nerve terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| functionally, these two receptors are very different, but they both use Ach as their agonist. |
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Term
1. Ach
2. bethanechol
3. carbachol
4.pilocarpine |
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Definition
| Name the 4 muscarinic agonists |
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Term
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Definition
| this muscarinic agonist has no clinical use |
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Term
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Definition
this Choline Ester is a muscarinic agonist. it mostly effects the GI and urinary system when administered p.o. or s.c.
- used to prevent urinary retention
side effects: may cause overstimulation of muscarinic receptors (sweating constricted pupils)
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Term
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Definition
| this muscarininc and nicotinic agonist is used to produce miosis during ocular surgery |
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Term
| localized areas such as the eye. |
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Definition
| where is the only place that nicotinic agonists may be used? |
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Term
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Definition
this muscarinic agonist is an alkaloid with no nicotinic effects. It can be used topically to treat glaucoma. It's somewhat selective for salivary glands so it can help with sjorgren's syndrome (people cant make saliva)
Side effects: overstimulation of muscarinic receptors will resemble a jacked up parasympathetic system
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Term
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Definition
| Name the two belladonna alkaloid muscarinic antagonists |
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Term
muscarinic antagonists
atropine
scopolamine |
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Definition
| These drugs are used when a reduction of parasympathetic tone is desirable. They can be given preop to reduce salivations/bronchial secretions, reduce intestinal motility, treat overactive bladder, eye examinations, preventing motion sickness, treat poisioning by AchE inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
signs of poisoning by this muscarinc antagoinist:
dry as a bone
hot as a pistol
red as a beet
blind as a bat
mad as a hatter |
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Term
| cholinesterase inhibitors |
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Definition
| these are used to enhance transmission at cholinergic junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| name an example of a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor that readily penetrates the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| this reversible cholinesterase inhibitor binds to the esteratic sit of AchE and is the drug of choice to treat poisoning with atropinic agents |
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Term
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Definition
| these cholinesterase inhibitors do not penetrate the CNS and are used to treat myasthenia gravis. |
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Term
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Definition
| this cholinesterase inhibitor is used as an antidote for an overdose of "curare-like" drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| this cholinesterase inhibitor is very short acting and is a diagnostic agent used to test for myasthenia gravis |
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Term
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Definition
| this cholinesterase inhibitor slows the progression of Alzheimer's |
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Term
| organophosphates : insecticides, nerve gases |
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Definition
| this cholinesterase inhibitors irreversibly phosphorylate serine hydroxyl at active site of AchE |
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Term
| malathion, parathion, diazinon |
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Definition
| name three examples of insecticides |
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Term
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Definition
| name three examples of nerve gases |
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Term
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Definition
| this prevents Ach release from cholinergic neurons and can prevent the nerve from releasing Ach at the motor end plate. Injestion of this toxin can be fatal, but small amounts of it are used dermatologically |
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Term
| Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMJ) |
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Definition
| these drugs are used to produce paralysis. They are nicotinic antagonists. |
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Term
1. tubocurarine (long duration)
2. pancuronium (intermediate duration) |
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Definition
| Name the two non-depolarizing NMJ blocking agents |
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Term
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Definition
| this NMJ blocking drug was developed from S.American blow dart poision. It also has a lot of ganglionic effects and may block sympathetic function |
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Term
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Definition
| this deploarizing NMJ blocking drug doesn't block nictonic receptors, but prevents repolarization of the muscle. It may cause a histamine release |
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Term
| neostigmine, pyridostigmine |
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Definition
| Name 2 cholinesterase inhibitors that do not penetrate the CNS |
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