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Auditory
N/A
67
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/15/2011

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Term
sound occurs when
Definition
objects move, results in air pressure change, areas of high low air pressure
Term
sound wave
Definition
alternating pattern of increased/decreased air pressure
Term
amplitude
Definition
size of pressure change; increased air pressure, greater amplitude
Term
wavelength
Definition
frequency of air pressure changes in given period of time; more frequent change- smaller wavelength
Term
amplitude
Definition
loudness ( decible)
Term
wavelength
Definition
pitch (hertz)
Term
tone height
Definition
perceptual experience of increasing pitch as tone's frequency (wavelength increases); move from left to right on key board
Term
notes with same letter have
Definition
frequencies that are multiples of one another
Term
each time pass note of same letter on scale
Definition
go up one interval (octave)
Term
timbre
Definition
quality that distinquishes 2 sounds even if they have the same pitch, loudness, and duration
Term
harmonics
Definition
related to complex tones; every instrument has different ones; frequencies that are multiples of fundamental frequency
Term
pure tone
Definition
has a single frequency; tuning fork
Term
complex tones
Definition
have multiple frequencies; conversation and musical instruments
Term
additive synthesis
Definition
procedure used to produce complex sounds, combining together single components
Term
fundamental frequency
Definition
first harmonic, lowest frequency in complex tone
Term
timbre caused by
Definition
1.different harmonics
2.attack
3.decay
Term
attack
Definition
buildup of sound @ beginning of tone
Term
decay
Definition
decrease of sound at end of tone
Term
audibility curve
Definition
indicates absolute threshold of hearing; can hear sounds above, not below
Term
threshold of feeling
Definition
can feel sounds; cause hearing damage
Term
absolute threshold is lowest
Definition
500-5,000 Hz
Term
equal loudness curves
Definition
points on curve will have same perceived loudness; 1000-Hz @40dB = 100 Hz @60dB
Term
convo speech
Definition
between 40-60dB and 300-3,000 Hz
Term
4 things needed four hearing to occur
Definition
1.deliver sound stimulus to receptors
2.change sound waves into neural signals
3.interpret neural signals
4.perceive-loudness, pitch, timbre
Term
Outer Ear
Definition
collects sound waves and protects middle ear
Term
Middle Ear
Definition
skall cavaity seperates inner, outer ear
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
where hearing receptors are located
Term
3 parts of outer ear
Definition
pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum
Term
pinna
Definition
structures that stick out from side of head and collect sound waves
Term
auditory canal
Definition
tube like structure, 3cm long, protects middle ear from environmental hazards, increases certain frequencies
Term
eardrum
Definition
vibrates in response to sound;tympanic membrane(same)
Term
resonance
Definition
sound waves reflected from eardrum interact with sound waves; due to interaction some frequencies are intensified; depends on length of auditory canal
Term
resonant frequency
Definition
frequency reinforced the most; amplified 2000-5000 Hz range
Term
middle ear
Definition
vibrating eardrum causes structures in middle ear to vibrate
Term
ossicles
Definition
3 smallest bones in human body
Term
malleus
Definition
set in motion by eardrum; attached to eardrum;transits vibrations to incus; hammer
Term
incus
Definition
transmits vibrations to stapes
Term
stapes
Definition
transmits vibrations to inner ear; pushes on oval window; stirrup
Term
oval window
Definition
membrane covering hole in cochlea
Term
inner ear (cochlea)
Definition
snail-shaped, liquid filled structure of inner ear
Term
two halves of cochlea
Definition
scala vestibuli, scala tympani
Term
cochlear partition
Definition
separates 2 halves of cochlea; runs from base to apex, contains Organ of Corti
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
contains 3 main structures;
1.hair cells
2.basilar membrane
3.tectorial membrane
Term
hair cells
Definition
receptors for hearing
Term
cilia
Definition
top of hair cells, vibrate in response to sound
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
supports organ of corti
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
extends over hair cells; moves cilia back and forth
Term
when cilia bend
Definition
neurons fire and sound energy transduced into neural signals
Term
auditory nerve fibers
Definition
attached to hair cells, and which cells fire and how often indicate frequency of tone
Term
Bekesy's Place Theory of Hearing
Definition
perceived pitch of sound is determined by place along basilar membrane where neural firing is highest
Term
how does basilar membrane move
Definition
traveling waves, from base to apex
Term
base
Definition
near oval window
Term
apex
Definition
near end of cochlea; more broad and flexible than base
Term
envelope of wave
Definition
maximum displacement caused by waves along basilar membrane; informs which nerve fibers will be affected most by membrane vibrations
Term
membrane has peak
Definition
membrane vibrates most, neurons fire most
Term
position of peak is
Definition
function of frequency of sound
Term
low frequencies
Definition
peak near apex; longer wavelength; low pitch
Term
high frequencies
Definition
peak near base; short wavelength; high pitch
Term
2 supporting evidence
Definition
1.tonotopic maps
2.auditory masking
Term
tonotopic maps
Definition
map of frequencies along length of cochlea; measured neural firing associated with hair cells; confirms apex responds to low frequencies; and base responds to high frequencies
Term
masking tone
Definition
derease perception of another tone
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
determined at various frequencies
Term
if frequency of masking tone = frequency of original tone
Definition
large increase in absolute threshold
Term
if frequency of masking tone is far away from frequency of original tone
Definition
small increase in absolute threshold
Term
Fourier Analysis
Definition
process by which scomplex tones broken down into various sine waves
Term
frequency
Definition
how ofter neurons fire determines
Term
phase locking
Definition
neurons fire at same point of stimulus
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