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Definition
| objects move, results in air pressure change, areas of high low air pressure |
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Definition
| alternating pattern of increased/decreased air pressure |
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Definition
| size of pressure change; increased air pressure, greater amplitude |
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Definition
| frequency of air pressure changes in given period of time; more frequent change- smaller wavelength |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| perceptual experience of increasing pitch as tone's frequency (wavelength increases); move from left to right on key board |
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Term
| notes with same letter have |
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Definition
| frequencies that are multiples of one another |
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Term
| each time pass note of same letter on scale |
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Definition
| go up one interval (octave) |
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Term
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Definition
| quality that distinquishes 2 sounds even if they have the same pitch, loudness, and duration |
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Definition
| related to complex tones; every instrument has different ones; frequencies that are multiples of fundamental frequency |
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Definition
| has a single frequency; tuning fork |
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Definition
| have multiple frequencies; conversation and musical instruments |
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Definition
| procedure used to produce complex sounds, combining together single components |
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Term
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Definition
| first harmonic, lowest frequency in complex tone |
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Term
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Definition
1.different harmonics
2.attack
3.decay |
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Term
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Definition
| buildup of sound @ beginning of tone |
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Definition
| decrease of sound at end of tone |
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Definition
| indicates absolute threshold of hearing; can hear sounds above, not below |
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Definition
| can feel sounds; cause hearing damage |
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| absolute threshold is lowest |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| points on curve will have same perceived loudness; 1000-Hz @40dB = 100 Hz @60dB |
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Term
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Definition
| between 40-60dB and 300-3,000 Hz |
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Term
| 4 things needed four hearing to occur |
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Definition
1.deliver sound stimulus to receptors
2.change sound waves into neural signals
3.interpret neural signals
4.perceive-loudness, pitch, timbre |
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Term
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Definition
| collects sound waves and protects middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| skall cavaity seperates inner, outer ear |
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Term
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Definition
| where hearing receptors are located |
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Term
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Definition
| pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that stick out from side of head and collect sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
| tube like structure, 3cm long, protects middle ear from environmental hazards, increases certain frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| vibrates in response to sound;tympanic membrane(same) |
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Term
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Definition
| sound waves reflected from eardrum interact with sound waves; due to interaction some frequencies are intensified; depends on length of auditory canal |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency reinforced the most; amplified 2000-5000 Hz range |
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Term
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Definition
| vibrating eardrum causes structures in middle ear to vibrate |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 smallest bones in human body |
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Definition
| set in motion by eardrum; attached to eardrum;transits vibrations to incus; hammer |
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Definition
| transmits vibrations to stapes |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits vibrations to inner ear; pushes on oval window; stirrup |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane covering hole in cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| snail-shaped, liquid filled structure of inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| scala vestibuli, scala tympani |
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Term
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Definition
| separates 2 halves of cochlea; runs from base to apex, contains Organ of Corti |
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Term
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Definition
contains 3 main structures;
1.hair cells
2.basilar membrane
3.tectorial membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| top of hair cells, vibrate in response to sound |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extends over hair cells; moves cilia back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons fire and sound energy transduced into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to hair cells, and which cells fire and how often indicate frequency of tone |
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Term
| Bekesy's Place Theory of Hearing |
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Definition
| perceived pitch of sound is determined by place along basilar membrane where neural firing is highest |
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Term
| how does basilar membrane move |
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Definition
| traveling waves, from base to apex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| near end of cochlea; more broad and flexible than base |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum displacement caused by waves along basilar membrane; informs which nerve fibers will be affected most by membrane vibrations |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane vibrates most, neurons fire most |
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Term
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Definition
| function of frequency of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| peak near apex; longer wavelength; low pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| peak near base; short wavelength; high pitch |
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Term
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Definition
1.tonotopic maps
2.auditory masking |
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Term
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Definition
| map of frequencies along length of cochlea; measured neural firing associated with hair cells; confirms apex responds to low frequencies; and base responds to high frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| derease perception of another tone |
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Term
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Definition
| determined at various frequencies |
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Term
| if frequency of masking tone = frequency of original tone |
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Definition
| large increase in absolute threshold |
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Term
| if frequency of masking tone is far away from frequency of original tone |
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Definition
| small increase in absolute threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which scomplex tones broken down into various sine waves |
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Term
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Definition
| how ofter neurons fire determines |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons fire at same point of stimulus |
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