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| used for tinnitus. many are antibiotics and affect obth hearing and balance |
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| know pinna, typmanic membrane, area of the bones, cochlea (area of auditiory receptors) |
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| has two sides, a vestibular sisd e with semischular canla nad cochlear for auditory system. inside the obney casei membranous chamber filled with endolymph which is high in potassium |
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| malleus incus , stapes. when tymapnci membrane hsakes, teh ossicels birbrate as wel li nahcain leer ssytem that gets transmitted to stapes which sensds it to oval window |
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| middle eardeficit. the ossicles amiplify the foce goign to the oval window and comepnsate for impedenace differnece beteween air fileld middle ear nad fluid filled inenr ear. INjury woudl result is huge weakenss in hearining |
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| footplate of the stapes gets stuck |
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| you use tuning fokr hodl it by heear then hodl it agaisnt bone. By putting it agianst bone , you are leimianteing need for the bones. If patient can hear it one head louder htan ear ,the nit is a conductance problem. Sensory deafness if he cant hear either yb bone or by air |
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| IF you hold tuning fork on both sides of head, shoudl be the same. IF they ehari t loduer on one side, ,either hte contralteral sidei sn ot funcitoning that well ,sensorily, or hte left side has doncution deafness os the enviromental noises are nto amiplified |
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| sound comes in vibrating basilar chamber bones vibrate, cause vibration in fluid fluid cant be compressed so moves on |
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| organization fo the scala |
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| go past oval window , find scala medaie with endolympho oint is ,i t is surdouned by scala vestubli and scala tympani, vibrations caus efluid movement and this whoel hting moves. |
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| scala media relation to others |
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Definition
| scala media seperaetd from scala vestibuli via reissner membrane. Seperated fro mscala tymapni via Basal membrane |
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| perilymph contained where |
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| contained in the scala vestibuli adn tympani- tt is low in potasisum, the PD etween these scala nad the scala media is essential for hair cel mvoement |
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| transforms luid waves in neural activity. We have hair cells located in the organ of corti, with outer and inenr rows. The outer rows are on the Tectorial membrane. When basilar membrane vibates stereocilia are bent , by shear forces otuside and by fluid movementsi nside |
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Definition
| three rows of otuer hair cels , one row of inner |
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| auditiory hair cels anatomy |
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Definition
| have clsuters of steroscilia on apical end. Thatehr tha nkinocillium ahve a basal body. Bendign towrads the basal body causes depolarization, bending awway hyperoplarization |
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| auditory hair cels bending effects |
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Definition
| bending towards the basal body opens up mechanosensitive ion channels- specifocally potassium releaset o deplarize cells. Calcium the netners and then enurotransmitters are relased by primary sensory affernets conencted to it |
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| deflection effects of basilar membrane onto tenetorial membrane |
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Definition
| tentorial membrane is stirrf, so whwen basillarm embrane deflectsu pwards doenst give, and the hair cels bend towards , basal body. when basilar membrane dips back down they hyeprpolarize. teh basialr membranes activity is sinusoidal however so get rarefactions and hyperpol-depol patern |
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| inner/ outerh air cell functions |
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Definition
inner hair cells- detect sound
outerh air cls- participate in amplicaiti noadn dampening of the osudn system.- due to contaction/elongation in synchrony with sound evoked potentials (due to protein prestin), genereating motor force |
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| haircells arei nenrvated by efferents |
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Definition
superior olviary nuclear compelx
outer hair cells: innervated contralaterraly, medial olivochoclear bundle,
innerh iar cells - ipsilaterally innverated by the later olivocochlear budle. |
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| allow us to hear higher frequency than ourneurons would allow due to maximar rate of AP generation. In this principle , neurons iwl lnot fire eveyr time, but every thir d time ,with other neruosn fillign inf or them |
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| increse inf iring during depolarization, and decreasein hyperpolarization- so are able to phase lock, fire at the saem rate as teh sinusoidal stimulus |
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| cochlea adn resposne to differnet sond |
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Definition
| differnet regions of the cochlea respond to different frequenceis of sound, This is due to the baisilar membrane beign stiffern ear hteo val awindow and mroe flexibile at the apex. As well as differeintiation in individual hair cells along the different potins of htebasilar membrane . at hte apex it is flopy adn better bass soudnign at the oval window is ist stiff and beter for higher frequency. THis is tonotopy. stereocilia chagnes mirror these basillar maembrane hcanges |
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| auditory afferent tonotopy |
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Definition
| audotiroy afferents deisplay characteristic frequency- frequncy at hwich they are at hte lowest threshodl to fire |
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Term
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Definition
8th cranial nerve. Most of the innervation coms for teh spiral ganglion, with the bipolar mostly innervating the inner hair cells, with many many bipoalr cels to one hair cell.
Outer hair cels get the remaining spiral gangliion innervation as wel als direct efferent fibers. Outer hair cells have to hsare their neurons cuz not enough |
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Definition
| caused by differnetial activation of the number of sensory afferents conecnted oth the innerh air cel. Loduer noise means more activation |
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| the cochelar nerve joiens up with eth veistblar nerve and both enter hte brainstem |
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Definition
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| where do priamr ysensory afferets go to in teh brainstem |
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Definition
| teh dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus |
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| where do priamr ysensory afferets go to in teh brainstem |
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Definition
| teh dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus |
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| COchlea bilateraly represented |
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Definition
| so uialteral deafness is not sene with elsions central to the cochelar nulcei |
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| dorsal choclear nucleus is located later to the vestibular nulceus in the dorsal medulla . ventral cochlear nerveh angs off the braisntem laterally (slide 22) |
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| choclear nucleus tonotopic |
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| orderly sequence ararangemetn so tonotopci sequencei s preserved in cochlear nucleus |
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| cell typesi ncochlear nucleus |
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Definition
| within the nulceus thereare celsl which fire at differnet rates, plays a role in teh localizaitno of sound. |
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| characterized yb bilateral repreesentaiotn at each level |
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| what are the levels of the central auditory pathway |
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| medulla dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus , ifnerior coliculus ,medial geniculate and cortex |
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| Medial superior olive function |
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Definition
| we are able tot el ltiem difernece between soudsn etnering both ears. This is best iwth lwo frequency |
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| lateral superior olive function |
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Definition
| we are able to tell itnensity diference between both ears, with high frequncy wqorking best |
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| sueprior medial olivary nucleus pathway |
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Definition
| comes in primary affernets to superior olivary nucleus - Information is shared ,bilateral input coming from both ears |
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| localization of sound alogn the MSO based on time (slide 27) |
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Definition
| the mSO have several differet uclei whihc are palced between the ears. THey are coincident detectors, only fire hwen soudn reaches at het same time. As ar esult E is the msot sensitive to pathways comign form the left ear , as thoug hteh sound comes earliest toh te lft ear it is comepnesated by going down the logner pathway. A for the right ear if ists leading. and C for comign in front of listeenter |
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| inferior coliculus frequency informaiton preserved |
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Definition
| in isofrequency bands (cells within that band respodn to same frequenc) |
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| inferior ocliuclus-superior ocliculus |
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Definition
| together create the startle reflex. Hve the visual adn auditory systems owrkign together |
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| inferior ocliculus proejcts to |
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| medial genicualte, the thalamic relay station |
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Definition
| has tontoopci representatiosn and columanr organization- with that of suppressian dn excitation represented |
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| auuditory cortex pathologies |
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| deafness if lesion is on both sides. Verbal agnosia- cant recognizze the osudns of speech ,thoug hthey can communciate fine by writing. nonverbal agnosia- cant recognize environemtnal noiceses. Unilateral lesion- not deafness but wont beablet o localize osudsn on contralateral sideo htel esion. |
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| corei sht primary auditory area, teh blet is the secondary adutiory area |
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| lateralization of function in aduitory cortex |
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| there are differnet areas for spepch, environment, music etc. and furthermore some are better representedi nright hemsiperhe vs lef t and vice versa |
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tonal-subjective -soemthginw rong iwth auditory sensory and so on.
nontonal- stuff thaty ou can hear objective. has to do with vascualr system. blodo rushign etc. |
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