• streptomycin
• neomycin
• gentamycin
• tobramycin

What is the list of ototoxic drugs that are NOT mycins?

1. Alcohol
2. Nicotine
3. Asprin
4. Diuretics

What is Presby(a)cusis?

Hearing loss due to aging

What does TTS mean?

What causes TTS?

TTS - Temporary Threshold Shift

• Caused by lound noises such a gunshot. It will cause a temporary hearing loss for a few days and then return to normal hearing.

What does PTS stand for?

What causes PTS?

Permanent Threshold Shift - is accompanied by irreversable cochlear damage

• Caused by a loud noise or prolonged loud noise exposure, hearing loss is never recovered

What is the most common frequency that older people can NOT hear?

Higher Frequencies

What are compressions and rarefractors?

Compressions - Air molecules that are compressed together

Rarefractors - Molecules that are spread out

What kind of waves are important for hearing?

Longitudinal Waves

What happens when you have 2 identical sine waves that are 180 degrees out of phase?

They end up canceling out eachother

What is the definition of frequency?

The number of completed cycles per second

The psychoacoustic equivalent of intensity is __________.

loudness

The psychoacoustic equivalent of frequency is _________.

Pitch

What does decibles (dB) measure?

Loudness

What is the measurement that we use in frequency?

Hertz (Hz)

What is the first thing we need to know about a patient?

Case History Information

What are the 3 components of a patient interview?

1. Basic interview questions: family history, concerns, medications, medical history, and patients communication abilities.
2. Otoscopy - examine patients ear, be aware of an lesions of the outter ear, redness or inflamation, drainage, and state of the tympanic membrane, be aware of foreign objects
3. Know the status of the middle ear before begining any hearing test.

What do we ALWAYS do when performing an Otoscopy?

Brace the scope with you pinky

What all do we look at when performing and otoscopy?

1. Outer Ear- cuts, leisons, redness or swelling, foregin objects
2. Ear Canal - Redness, swelling, blockage
3. Tympanic Membrane- Cone of light, pink/grey coloring, perforation, bubbles, tubes

What is another name for the tympanometer?

Emmitance Bridge

What are the symbols for Acoustic Admittance and Acoustice Impedance?

Acoustic Admittance - Y_a

Acoustice Impedance - Z_a

What is the relationship between Acoustic Admittance and Acoustice Impedance?

As one increases the other decreases

Why is it important to choose the correct sized tympanometric tip?

To get a good seal

Why is it important to explain the procedure of the tympanometry to patients before beginning?

So the patient will know what to expect, and not mess up the test results do to talking or not paying attention.

What do we typically associate peak pressure with?

Compliance

What is listed on the Y axis of the typanogram and what is the unit of measure?

Y = Compliance, mililiters (ml)

What is listed on the X axis of the typanogram and what is the unit of measure?

X = Pressure, decapascles (daPa)

What are the 3 types of tympanograms?

Type A

Type B

Type C

The Type 'A' tympanogram usually means ________.

normal

What "Type" typically means there is either fluid or a TM perforation?

How do you know if there is a perforation VS. fluid?

Type B

ECV will decide if there is a perforation VS. fluid

Fluid (ECV 1.0) Perforation (ECV 3.7) Blockage(0.2)

What "Type" is associated with negative pressure in the middle ear?

Type C

What are the two substypes of a Type A tympanogram?

A_s

A_d

What does a Type A_s mean?

The pressue is in normal range (-200 to 200 daPa) but has low compliance.

What does Type A_d mean?

THe pressure is normal (-200 to 200 daPa) but shows high compliance.

What is normal pressure range in adults?

-200 to 200 daPa

What is the normal range for ECV in adults and children above the age of 6 months?

.3 ml to 2.0 ml

What is the probe tone we typically use for adults?

226 Hz

What is the acoustic reflex pathway "ipsilaterally"?

Middle Ear -> Inner Ear -> VIII Nerve -> Cochlear Nucleus -> Superior Olivary Complex (crossover point) -> Facial Nerve VII ->Ipsi Middle Ear

The acoustic reflex is  ____________.

Bilateral

What are ART's?

Acoustic Reflex Thresholds

What is the range most normal hearing adults have?

80 to 90 dB HL

What are the 2 mahor reasons we use ART's clincally?

• Estimate of hearing sensitivity
• Retro cochlear pathology

What are the dB scales and what do they measure?

dB HL - decible Hearing level

Measures: hearing level in people

dB SPL - decible Sound Pressure level

Measures : sound level and hearing aid testing

At 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz it will take __________ dB SPL to reach 0 db HL.

250 Hz -> 25.5 dB SPL

500 Hz -> 11.5 dB SPL

1000 Hz -> 7.0 dB SPL

2000 Hz -> 9.0 dB SPL

4000 Hz -> 9.5 dB SPL

8000 Hz -> 13.0 dB SPL

What is a threshold?

the lowest/softest sound you can hear 50% of the time.

What is dB SL?

Sensation Level - the number of dB  above the threshold

The frequencies on the X axis are in __________

and _____________ intervals.

Octave (solid lines)

Half Octave (dash lines)

In an audiogram the scale on the Y Axis is in _________?

dB HL

What are the symbols and colors used in an audiogram to mark the thresholds for the left and right ear?

Right - Right Red Round O

Left - Blue X

The change in threshold of a sound caused by a second sound is called?

Masking

THe noise that causes the interference is called the ____________?

Masker

Why do we say " estimated thresholds"?

Because we use 5 dB steps instead of 1 dB steps which would make the results more exact

Explain the concept of Down 10 Up 5

Starting at 30 dB if the sound is heard this begins the threshold. From there we move down 10 dB if the sound is not heard we move back up 5 dB.

What frequencies do audiologist typically test?

250 Hz

500 Hz

1000 Hz

2000 Hz

4000 Hz

8000 Hz

What is the starting frequency and intensity audiologist typically use?

Frequency - 1000 Hz

Intensity - 30 dB

What is the general rule when deciding what ear will be tested first?

the better hearing ear or the right ear