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ATP
Oxiadation, reduction,enderogic
35
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/27/2013

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Term
Oxidation
Definition

The process by which an atom loses and electron

Term
Reduction
Definition
the process by which an atom gains an electron
Term
Reduction
Definition

the process by which an atom gains an electron

Term
Endergonic
Definition
a reaction that requires an input of energy
Term
Exergonic
Definition
a reaction that releases free energy
Term
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Definition

.the energy "currency" of cellular metabolism in all organisms

Term
Substrate
Definition

the general name given to the molecule that an enzyme acts on

Term
Enzyme
Definition

.  a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions

Term
Coenzyme
Definition
a nonprotein organic molecule (such as NAD)  that plays an accesory role in enzyme catalyzed processes, often acting as a donor or acceptor for electrons
Term
Metabolism
Definition
the total of all chemical reactions carried out in a cell
Term

Anabolism

Definition

Chemical reactions that require energy input to build  organic polymers

Term
Catabolism
Definition

chemical reactions that release energy due to the break down of organic polymers

Term
Biochemical pathways
Definition
.  a sequence of biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction acts as the substrate for the next reaction
Term
aerobic respiration 
Definition
the process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor and produces ATP through both substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation with the use of ATP synthase
Term
anaerobic respiration 
Definition
 the process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using an inorganic final electron acceptor (that is not oxygen) and produces ATP through both substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation with the use of ATP synthase
Term
Fermentation
Definition

the process that results in the partial oxidation of glucose using organic compounds as final electron acceptors and produces ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

Term
Eletron Transport Chain
Definition
the biochemical pathways that involve passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane associated carrier molecules to proton pumps embedded within mitochondrial or chloroplast membranes
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
the biochemical pathways that involve the breakdown of glucose  into two molecules of pyruvate
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation 
Definition

synthesis of ATP using ATP synthase

Term
ATP synthase
Definition

the enzyme responsible for producing ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

Term
Krebs Cylce
Definition
the biochemical pathways that involve the breakdown of pyruvate into carbon dioxide
Term
light dependent reactions
Definition
.  first phase of photosynthesis in which light energy is captured and used in the production of ATP and NADPH
Term
light independent reactions / carbon fixation / calvin cycle
Definition

.  second phase of photosynthesis in which ATP and NADPH are used to reduced carbon dioxide to glucose

Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
the general term for a set of reactions used to harvest light energy which is in turn used to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose and oxygen gas
Term
chlorophyll a
Definition

primary pigment used in photosynthesis - absorbs light in the blue-violet and red range

Term
chlorophyll b
Definition
accessory pigment used in photosynthesis - absorbs light in the blue and red-orange range
Term
Carotenoids
Definition
 a group of accessory pigments that absorb ranges of light not absorbed by chlorophyll - primarily responsible for fall colors in leaves
Term
Phycobilioprotein
Definition
a type of accessory pigment used by algae and photosynthetic bacteria - absorbs light in the green range
Term
Pigment
Definition
.  a molecule that absorbs light
Term
Photon
Definition
a particle of light having a discrete amount of energy
Term
C3 plant
Definition
the majority of plants - plants in which CO2 is first fixed into a 3C compound, and in which the stomata are open during the day
Term
C4 Plant
Definition

plants such as corn and grasses - plants in which CO2 is first fixed into a 4C compound,  and in which the stomata are open during the day

Term
Cam Plant
Definition

succulent plants (such as cacti and pineapple) - plants in which CO2 is first stored as an acid before it is fed through the calvin cycle, and in which stomata are only open at night

Term
Stomata
Definition

 A minute opening in the leaf of a plant that allows for gas and water exchange

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