Term
|
Definition
| particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the atom's nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particles with a positive electric charge located in the nucleus of an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particles located in the nucleus of an atom |
|
|
Term
| positrons (or anti-electrons) |
|
Definition
| are "electrons" with a positive electric charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protons with a negative electric charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical mass of a single atom of an element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another unit of energy that is used in measuring the kinetic energy of atomic phenomena since their dimensions are so small relative to the macroscopic world that we have been dealing with. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different forms of the same element that have the SAME number of PROTONS, but a different number of neutrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different elementsthat have the same atomic mass number (i.e. they have the SAME net number of BARYONS [protons and neutrons]) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different elements that have the SAME number of NEUTRONS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thomson theorized that electrons and protons were combined together within a fixed sphere of an atom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rutherford suggested the presence of a particle with no electric charge, the neutron. His research also showed that the electrons orbited a nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bohr discovered that electrons did orbit the nucleus at discrete distances, that these shells of electrons had allowed numbers of electrons for each shell and that each shell corresponded to a discrete energy level. |
|
|
Term
| The Quantum Mechanics Model |
|
Definition
| instead of a single elctron in orbit at a defined radius "r", the quantum mechanical model of the Hydrogen atom still has the proton in the center of the atom, the electron is represented by a term we call the wave function, that models the wave and particle behavior of the electron in its orbit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the single electron is in its smallest radius corresponding to the lowest energy level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a higher energy level than its ground state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corresponds to all transitions to and from the n=1 shell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corresponds to all transitions to and from the n=2 state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corresponds to all transitions to and from the n=3 shell.[genrally do not "see" this series because it corresponds to the infra-red spectrum] |
|
|
Term
| aspects of the Bohr Model |
|
Definition
1. electrons move in a circular orbit around the proton under the influence of the electric force of attraction
2. only certain electron orbits are stable. In a stable state, an electron does not emit energy in the from of radiation.
3. radiation is emitted by the electron when transitioning from a more energetic stable state to another lower engergy stable state.
4. the size of the electron orbit is determined by the condition imposed by the electron's angular momentum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of energy required to remove the electron from this shell of the hydrogen atom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the spectral lines of an atom are split, even in the absence of a magnetic field. |
|
|
Term
| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
|
Definition
| no two electrons can ever be in the same quantum state; therefore, no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an atom has orbitals of equal energy, the order in which they are filled by electrons is such that a maximum number of electrons have unpaired spins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strongest fundamental field force that we know about. interacts through a physical quantity called the color charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is about 12 orders of magnitude weaker than the magnitude of the Coulomb force. interacts through a physical quantity known as the color flavor. |
|
|
Term
| electroweak nuclear force |
|
Definition
| the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force are simply different aspects of this one fundamental force. |
|
|
Term
| binding energy of the nucleus |
|
Definition
| indirect way for measuring the strong nuclear force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allelerate objects in a straight line |
|
|
Term
| cyclotrons and synchrotrons |
|
Definition
| accelerate objects in a circular path. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particles that interact primarily through the strong nuclear force. They are composed of smaller elementary particles that we call "quarks". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lighter particles that have integer spins
decay into electrons, positrons,neutrinos, anti-neutrinos, as well as photons
composed of a quark and one anti-quark pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heavier particles that have 1/2 integer spins
protons and neutrons together
composed of 3 quarks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particles that interact through the weak nuclear force. All have a spin of 1/2. Currently 6 are known. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. up quark (u)
2. down quark (d)
3. charmed quark (c)
4. strange quark (s)
5. top or truth quark (t)
6. bottom or beauty quark (b) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. anti-up quark (u)
2. anti-down (d)
3. anti-top quark (t)
4. anti-bottom (b)
5. anti-charmed quark (c)
6. anti-strange quark (s) |
|
|
Term
| conservation of electric charge |
|
Definition
| can be summarized in terms that the net electric charge of an object before an event or interaction much equal the net electric charge afterwards. |
|
|
Term
| conservation of baryon number |
|
Definition
| can be summarized in terms that the net number of baryons of a system before an event or interaction must equal the net baryons afterwards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interacts with quarks through the color charge which is analogous to the electric field and electric charge. |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the color force |
|
Definition
1. there are three different color states or "flavors" (red, green, and blue)
2. each color state is characterized by two conserved color charges.
3. only color states with zero value for the net color charge are observable as free particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emission of a single alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons from the atom's nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emission of a beta particle and an associated neutrino from the atom's nucleus resulting from the decay of a nucleon into two oppositely charged particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emission of a single gamma particle or photon from the atom's nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an atom's nucleus absorbs an electron, the electron "merges" with the proton to produce a neutron and the nucleus then emits a neutrino. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an atom emits a proton from its nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of two protons and two neutrons
largest and heaviest of the nuclear decay particles
high probability of interaction with human tissue and matter
least dangerous when outside the body
most dangerous of the three forms of decay when internal to the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two types: emitted electron or positrons
the lighter electron or positron is emitted from the nucleus as a particle with some associated kinetic energy while the beavier particle remains in the nucleus
dangerous when internal to the body
when external to the body they can be stopped by a simple shield. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of an emitted photon coming from the nucleus of the atom
when external to the body, gamma particles can be stopped by heavier shielding
dangerous when internal to the body because the particle's energy is directly transferred to the cells in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half life of an atom is the time required for one-half of the original element to undergo radioactive decay into another element or isotope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common methods used for dating biological samples.
|
|
|
Term
| limitations of carbon dating |
|
Definition
1. you can only date material that was alive at some point.
2. you can only accurately date material with an age with 10 half-lives o the radioactive element.
3. your dating of the material is the date that the object died, not the date that it was manufactured into the object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an older term for radioactive absorbed dose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has replaced the roentgen for most scientific applications for the radiological absorbed dose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the formal MKS unit for radiological absorbed dose designed to replace the older [rad] units of absorbed dose for scientific and medical usage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difines the biological impact of radiation on tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the formal SI unit for radiological absorbed dose equivilant that was supposed to replace the REM for scientific and medical usage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the splitting of a heavier atom into two or more lighter atoms plus the release of extra neutrons and energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the combining together of two lighter atoms to produce a heavier atom plus the release and energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results in two fission fragment elements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes place where three fission fragment elements are produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the probability for neutrons to be absorbed by the nucleus of each fissionable atom based on the kinetic energy of the neutron. |
|
|
Term
| reproduction constant [K] |
|
Definition
| the rate of production of neutrons within a reactor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reactor is critical, each nuclear fission created sufficient neutrons to create one additional nuclear fission. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reactor is said to be subcritical, each nuclear fission event does not produce more then one nuclear fission event. The subcritical reactor will die out to zero fission events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reactor is said to be supercritical, each nuclear fission event produces more than one nuclear fission event. If K is much greater than 1 you will have a runaway fission event. |
|
|
Term
| advantages of nuclear fission |
|
Definition
1. we can do nuclear fission now
2. the cost of electricity produced by nuclear fission reactors is less than other fossil fuels.
3. nuclear fission reactors do not pollute the environment with organic emisions.
4. nuclear fission reactors have long operational lives |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of nuclear fission |
|
Definition
1. fissionable elements are not common.
2.it is expensive to enrich fissionable fuel elements to required concentrations.
3. the majority of fissionable by-products are highly radioactive with long half lives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oribital quantum number [k=n-1] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orbital magnetic quantum number [-l, -1+l, 0, 1, 1+l, and l] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spin quantum number [+1/2 or -1/2] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the combining of two lighter atoms resulting in a heavier atom plus the release of energy. |
|
|
Term
| How does nuclear fusion occur? |
|
Definition
| Heat the nuclear fusion fuel elements to an extremely hight temperature to strip away the electrons from the elements and form plasma. The plasma nuclei are forced close enough together to allow the strong nuclear force to dominate over the Coulomb Force of repulsion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common nuclear fusion reactions? |
|
Definition
| deuterium-deuterium and deuterium-tritium. |
|
|
Term
| What are Lawson's Criterion? |
|
Definition
| plasma ionization density and plasma confinement time |
|
|
Term
| plasma ionization density |
|
Definition
| number of nuclei per unit volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time that nuclei are maintained at a suffecient temperature greater or equal to that required for the reaction to take place. |
|
|
Term
| Laser Inertial Confinement Reactors |
|
Definition
| use the implosion effect from multiple lasers to collapse the fuel pellets to achieve Lawson's criterion and contain the nuclear fusion reaction. |
|
|
Term
Tokamak Reactors or
Magnetic Confinement Fusion Reactors |
|
Definition
| use magnetic fields to collapse the fuel pellets and contain the nuclear fusion reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Challenges related to nuclear fusion |
|
Definition
1. putting more energy into creating the nuclear fusion process than we are getting from the nuclear fusion.
2. challenges in refueling the nuclear fusion reactor while sustaining the nuclear fusion process and energy production.
3. how do we remove spent fuel while sustaining the nuclear fusion process? |
|
|
Term
| advantages of nuclear fusion |
|
Definition
1. virtually limitless supply of inexpensive fuel
2. no long lives radioactive byproducts |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of nuclear fusion |
|
Definition
| we cannon support continuous controllable nuclear fusion reactions for energy production with our current levels of technology. |
|
|
Term
| Cut off year for Carbon dating |
|
Definition
|
|
