The female skull has...

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

1) Bulging forehead

2) Slight muscle lines

3) Brow ridges lacking

4) Rounded chin

5) Small mastoids

6) Angle of jaw over 125 degrees

7) No external occiptal protuberance 

The male skull has...

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

1) Sloping forehead

2) Muscle lines heavy

3) Brow ridges developed

4) Square chin

5) Large mastoids

6) Angle of jaw close to 90 degrees

7) External occiptal protuberance 

The female pelvis has...

1) 2) 3)

1) Ilia splayed outward

2) Greater sciatic notch wide

3) Subpubic angle larger 

The female pelvis has...

1) 2) 3)

1) Ilia more nearly vertical

2) Greater sciatic notch narrow

3) Subpubic angle larger

1) sex

2) age

cap at ends of bones

cartilage calcifies

date of fusion is age dependent 

1) Access by insects

2) Stages of insect development: blowflies immeadiately after death, deposit eggs on orifices 

Carrion beetles after 2 days

1) Estimation of time since death

2) Formulation of biological profile

3) Personal identification 

Forensic anthropologists look for...

1) 2) 3)

1) Premortem - before death

2) Perimortem - during/cause of death

3) Postmortem - after death

Width of nose/height * 100

Low values associated with cold climates

Narrow noses better at warming air than wider noses

More surface area moistens area in dry climates

Mammal's in cold climates have short, bulky limbs; this minimizes heat loss.

Mammals in hot climates have long, slender limbs; this maximizes heat loss.

ability of an organism to make positive anatomical or physiological changes after exposure to stressfull environmental conditions

*occurs after a lifetime of exposure to environmental condition*

1) gene flow

2) examine genes themselves

distribution of a trait across geographic space 

*fixed when no longer polymorphic 

head width/head length *100

low value - long, narrow head

high value - rounder head

shares geographic range of species

different phenotypic traits 

Marsupials

No placenta; fetus crawls from reproductive tract to pouch and nipple

Monotremes

Platypus and echidna 

Born from eggs but nurse

1) Grasping hands and feet

2) Nails

3) Flattened nail beds

(2) incisors

(1) canine

(3) [2] pre-molars

(3) molars 

arboreal hypothesis 

vision over smell

smaller noses = eyes in the front

depth perception important

specialized hands and feet

feeding in terminal branches

feeding on flowering plants

feeding on insects

nocturnal 

pendulous penis

two nipples on chest

single births

group living

dependent

play

learning

diurnal 

Primitive

mobile ears

wet nose - higher reliance on smells

smaller brains

1) Post-orbital bar

2) One or two claws on toes

3) Tooth comb (two incisors + canine)

4) Unfused mandible

5) Inside lacrimal bone

6) Smaller brain case

7) Long snouts

8) Larger olfactory bulb

9) Tapetum lucidum (reflects light off back of eye)

10) Two-horned uterus 

1) Post-orbital bar + closure

2) Fused frontal bone

3) Outside lacrimal bone

4) Larger brain case

5) Retinal fovea - seeing detail

6) Simple uterus 

LEMURS

arboreal

quadrupeds

vertical clinging and leaping

nocturnal

female dominance

exclusivley in madacasgar 

Nocturnal

Arboreal 

Largely solitary

includes galagos and lorises

outside of madacasgar

Arboreal

Carnivorous!

Nocturnal 

Indonesia

1) No tooth comb

2) Nearly complete postorbital closure 

3) Fused frontal bones

4) Reduced snout

5) "Dry nose"

6) No tapeum lucidum 

7) a retinal fovea 

Lemuriformes

1) Geo-Area

2) Size

3) Activity

4) Diet

5) Grouping

1) Madacasgar 

2) Small-medium

3) Nocturnal, diurnal, cathemeral

4) Insects, gum, fruit, leaves

5) solitary, pairs, small groups 

Loriformes

1) Geo-Area

2) Size

3) Activity

4) Diet

5) Grouping

1) Africa/ Africa-Asia

2) small

3) nocturnal

4) insects, gum fruits

5) solitary 

Tarsiiformes

1) Geo-Area

2) Size

3) Activity

4) Diet

5) Grouping

1) SE Asia

2) Small

3) Nocturnal

4) Animal matter (carnivorous)

5) variable 

1) ring

2) tube 

are ZipPy

the ZYGOMATIC and PARIETAL bones have contact 

FuSsy

the FRONTAL and SPHENOID bones have contact

3 pre-molars

zygomatic/parietal CONTACT

eardrum exposed

2 1 2 3 dental formula

2 pre-molars

frontal/sphenoid CONTACT

tube for ectotympanic membrane 

Located in New World: Central and South America

Arboreal 

Medium to small body size 

Some with prehensile tails

Four families 

Tamarins and marmosets 

Small body

Polyandry 

Typically have twins

Eat tree exudates, fruits, and insects 

Sympleisiomorphy

Synapomorphy