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ASWB Clinical Exam
flashcards for licensure exam
44
Social Work
Graduate
10/18/2011

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Cards

Term
Psychodynamic Theory (Psychosocial)
Definition
Focuses on how a person's emotions, wants and desires create behavior.  Focus is mainly on the processses that occur inside the individual.
Term
Cognitive Theory
Definition
Focuses on how a person's intellectual abilities and processes change as they mature.  Focus is mainly on the processes that occur inside the individual.
Term
Behavior (learning) Theory
Definition
Focuses on how people act and the reasons that determine those actions.  Focus is primarily on how an individual's environment affects their actions rather than considering inward growth as the primary factor.
Term
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory
Definition

Theory developed by Sigmond Freud.  It includes five stages:

  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latent Period
  5. Genital
Term
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory First Stage
Definition

Oral, Birth to 1 year:

The infant's primary source of interaction is through the mouth.  A sense of trust and comfort is developed through oral stimulation.  Conflict occurs during the weaning process.  If fixation occurs it is believed that a person develops issues with dependency or aggression.

Term
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory Second Stage
Definition

Anal, 1 to 3 years:

The primary focus of the libido is in controlling bladder and bowel movements.  The major conflict is toliet training when a child has to learn to control their bodily needs.  Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.  Positive experiences during this stage serve as the basis for people to become competent productive and capable adults.

Term
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory third stage
Definition

Phallic, 3 to 6 years:

The primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.  Children begin to discover the difference between males and females.  This stage is where Oedipus and Electra Complex occur.

Term
Oedipus Complex
Definition
A boys feelings of wanting to possess their mother and replace their father.
Term
Electra Complex
Definition
A girls feelings of wanting to possess their wather and replace thier mother.  Freud referred to this as "penis envy".
Term
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory fourth stage
Definition

Latent Period, 6 to puberty:

The libido interests are suppressed.  Development of the ego and superego occurs.  Exploration occurs that is directed into intellectual pursuits and social interactions.  The stage is important to the development of social communication skills and self-confidence.

Term
Ego
Definition
The part of a person's personality that acts as a moderator between the other parts of that person's personality.  The intermediary between the person and the outside world.  Sets up ego defenses (can be healthy or unhealthy).  There are seven ego defenses.
Term
Regression (ego defense)
Definition
Occurs when a person acts or thinks the way they did when they were younger or less mature than now.
Term
Repression (ego defense)
Definition
Occurs when a person will not acknowledge to themselves what they are thinking, feeling, or wanting do.
Term
Denial (ego defense)
Definition
Occurs when a person will not believe that a situation or event is true.
Term
Rationalization (ego defense)
Definition
Is used to make up reasons to defend beliefs, feelings, or actions that are contrary to societal rules.
Term
Projection (ego defense)
Definition
The person telling themselves that their own thoughts and feeelings are really someone else's.
Term
Displacement (ego defense)
Definition
Occurs when a person's feelings or opinions about something are unjustifiably associated with something else.
Term
Sublimation (ego defense)
Definition
Taking a feeling or behavior that is contrary to societal rules and changing it to fit those rules.
Term
The four autonomous functions of the ego
Definition
  1. Reality Testing
  2. Reality of the World
  3. Reality of the self
  4. Judgement
Term
Reality Testing (autonomous function of the ego)
Definition
The person's ability to see the difference between what is actually taking place in the world around them and what they want to happen.
Term
Reality of the world (autonomous function of ego)
Definition
What is happening outside.
Term
Reality of self (autonomous function of the ego)
Definition
What is happening inside.
Term
Judgment (autonomous function of the ego)
Definition
A person being able to list all the available reactions, figure out what will likely happen if a particular reaction is used, and decide which reaction best fits the situation.
Term
Superego
Definition
Part of our personality composed of internalized ideas that have been acquired from our parents and society.
Term
Id
Definition
Present from birth.  The only part of the personality that is entirely unconscious.  It is the source of psychic energy.  Strives for immediate gratification of all desires.
Term
Psychosexual Development Theory fifth stage
Definition

Genital, puberty to death:

The individual develops strong sexual interests.  Interest in the welfare of others grows.  If other stages are completed successfully, the person will be well-balanced, warm and caring.  The goal is to develop balance in major life areas.

Term
Piaget's Stage Theory
Definition
Believed that children wwere not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently.

Described the cognitive development of children involving changes in cognitive process and abilities.

Early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations.
Term
Schemas (Piaget Stage Theory)
Definition
Described the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. Categories that help us understand the world. As experiences happen, this information is used to modify, addto, or change previously existing schemas.
Term
Assimilation (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schema's.
Term
Accommodation (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
Changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information.
Term
Equilibration (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
All children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation. Helps explain how children are able to move from one stage of thought into the next.
Term
Decentration (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
The ability to move away from one system of classification to another one as appropriate.
Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Definition
1. Sensory Motor Stage (0-24 months)
2. Preoperational Stage (ages 2-6)
3. Concrete Operational Stage (age 7-11)
4. Formal Operational Stage (age 12 - adulthood)
Term
Sensorimotor Stagge of Cognitive Development (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
Lasts from birth to age 2. Centered on the infant trying to make sense of the world. Knowledge of the world is limited to their sensory perceptions and motor activities.
Term
Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
1. Reflexes (0 - 1 month)
2. Primary Circular Reactions (1 - 4 months)
3. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
4. Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12- 18 months)
6. Early Representational Thought (18 - 24 months)
Term
Reflexes (Piaget's Stage Theory Sesorimotor Subset)
Definition
0 - 1 month
The child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.
Term
Primary Circular Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Subset)
Definition
1 - 4 months
Involves coordinating sensation and new schemas.
Term
Secondary Circular Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Substage)
Definition
4 - 8 months
The child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment.
Term
Coordination of Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Subset)
Definition
(8 - 12 months)
The child starts to show clearly intentional actions. The child may also combine schemas in order to achieve a desired effect. Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others.
Term
Tertiary Circular Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Substage)
Definition
(12 - 18 months)
Children to begin a period of triat-and-error experimentation.
Term
Early Representational Thought (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Substage)
Definition
(18 - 24 months)
Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world. During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions.
Term
Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Developmen (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
(ages 2 - 6)
Language development - children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take the point of view of other people.
Children also become adept at using symbols.
Term
Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
(ages 7 - 11)
Children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking ligically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.
Term
Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget's Stage Theory)
Definition
(age 11 - adulthood)
People develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage.
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