Term
Which, if any, of the following are true (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) An argument is just the automatic gainsaying of anything the other person says.
(b) In order to argue with someone, one must adopt the contrary position.
(c) An argument is a set of two or more statements, one of which follows from the others.
(d) An argument is a set of two or more statements, one of which purports to follow from the others.
(e) None of the above. |
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Definition
(d) An argument is a set of two or more statements, one of which purports to follow from the others.
(b) In order to argue with someone, one must adopt the contrary position. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following are arguments (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’):
(a) I’ve had two philosophy professors and they’ve both been male. Therefore, all philosophy professors are male.
(b) Since all dogs are mammals and all mammals are animals, all dogs must be animals.
(c) Abortion is wrong.
(d) John: I hate you. Jill: Well, I hate you too.
(e) There’s no good reason to believe that God exists. So one shouldn’t believe that God exists. (f) None of the above. |
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Definition
(a) I’ve had two philosophy professors and they’ve both been male. Therefore, all philosophy professors are male.
(b) Since all dogs are mammals and all mammals are animals, all dogs must be animals.
(e) There’s no good reason to believe that God exists. So one shouldn’t believe that God exists. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following are statements (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) What time is it?
(b) It’s Sunday.
(c) Sit up straight.
(d) Crap!
(e) Doug philosophizes.
(f) Squares have three sides.
(g) None of the above. |
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Definition
(b) It’s Sunday.
(e) Doug philosophizes.
(f) Squares have three sides. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following pairs of statements express the same proposition (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) Smith is fallible. Smith is not infallible.
(b) Bill is married. Bill has a wife.
(c) Fred is unhappy. Fred is not happy.
(d) Today is Sunday. Today is the day after Saturday.
(e) Chris is a brother. Chris is a male sibling.
(f) Chris is an uncle. Chris has a nephew or a niece.
(g) Bill is a bachelor. Bill is single.
(h) None of the above. |
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Definition
(a) Smith is fallible. Smith is not infallible.
(d) Today is Sunday. Today is the day after Saturday.
(e) Chris is a brother. Chris is a male sibling |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following arguments are valid (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) P1: If Bob studies hard, he will get an A.
P2: Bob will get an A.
C: Therefore, Bob studies hard.
(b) P1: All professional body builders are smart.
P2: DWP is a professional body builder.
C: Therefore, DWP is smart.
(c) P1: All dogs are mammals.
P2: Some mammals are heavier than a ten-ton truck.
C: Therefore, some dogs are heavier than a ten-ton truck.
(d) P1: If today is Monday, then Bill is not where he’s supposed to be.
P2: Yesterday was Sunday.
C: So Bill is not where he’s supposed to be.
(e) P1: Either I just saw a chimp in downtown Manhattan or I’ve gone insane.
P2: I’m perfectly sane.
C: So I just saw a chimp in downtown Manhattan.
(f) P1: The Channel 9 weatherman has predicted that it will rain tomorrow.
P2: His predictions are accurate 95% of the time.
C: Therefore, it will rain tomorrow.
(g) None of the above. |
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Definition
(b) P1: All professional body builders are smart.
P2: DWP is a professional body builder.
C: Therefore, DWP is smart.
(d) P1: If today is Monday, then Bill is not where he’s supposed to be.
P2: Yesterday was Sunday.
C: So Bill is not where he’s supposed to be
(e) P1: Either I just saw a chimp in downtown Manhattan or I’ve gone insane.
P2: I’m perfectly sane.
C: So I just saw a chimp in downtown Manhattan. |
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Term
| Provide an example of a statement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide an example of a non-statement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide two statements that express the same proposition |
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Definition
| Tomorrow is Friday. Tomorrow is the day before Saturday. |
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Term
| Provide two statements that do not express the same proposition. |
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Definition
Chris has a a girlfriend.
Chris is a boy. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following are true (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) A valid argument is one in which all the premises are true.
(b) A valid argument is one in which the truth of the premises guarantees that the conclusion will be true.
(c) An argument is valid if and only if its conclusion is true.
(d) A valid argument must either have true premises or have a true conclusion.
(e) An argument is valid if and only if, in no possible world, are all its premises true and its conclusion false.
(f) None of the above. |
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Definition
b. A valid argument is one in which the truth of the premises guarantees that the conclusion will be true.
e.An argument is valid if and only if, in no possible world, are all its premises true and its conclusion false. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following argument forms are valid (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) P1: If P, then Q. P2: Q. C: P.
(b) P1: If P, then Q. P2: ~P. C: ~Q.
(c) P1: If P, then Q. P2: ~Q. C: ~P.
(d) P1: If P, then Q. P2: P. C: Q.
(e) P1: Either P or Q. P2: ~Q. C: P.
(f) None of the above. |
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Definition
(c) P1: If P, then Q. P2: ~Q. C: ~P.
(d) P1: If P, then Q. P2: P. C: Q.
(e) P1: Either P or Q. P2: ~Q. C: P. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following substitution instances constitute counterexamples to the following form (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)—P1: If P, then Q. P2: ~Q. C: ~P?
(a) P = Gore is the U.S. President; Q = Gore is a U.S. citizen.
(b) P = DWP has a Ph.D.; Q = DWP has a doctorate.
(c) P = Schwarzenegger was born in the U.S.; Q = Schwarzenegger is a U.S. citizen.
(d) P = Obama is the U.S. President; Q = Obama is a U.S. citizen.
(e) None of the above. |
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Definition
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Term
Which, if any, of the following substitution instances constitute counterexamples to the following form (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)—P1: If P, then Q. P2: ~P. C: ~Q?
(a) P = Gore is the U.S. President; Q = Gore is a U.S. citizen.
(b) P = DWP has a Ph.D.; Q = DWP has a doctorate.
(c) P = Schwarzenegger was born in the U.S.; Q = Schwarzenegger is a U.S. citizen.
(d) P = Obama is the U.S. President; Q = Obama is a U.S. citizen.
(e) None of the above. |
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Definition
a) P = Gore is the U.S. President; Q = Gore is a U.S. citizen
(c) P = Schwarzenegger was born in the U.S.; Q = Schwarzenegger is a U.S. citizen. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following are true (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) An argument is sound if and only if it both is valid and has only true premises.
(b) An argument is sound if and only if, in no possible world, are all its premises true and its conclusion false.
(c) If an argument is sound, then its conclusion is true.
(d) All sound arguments are valid.
(e) All valid arguments are sound.
(f) None of the above. |
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Definition
(a) An argument is sound if and only if it both is valid and has only true premises.
(c) If an argument is sound, then its conclusion is true.
(d) All sound arguments are valid. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following arguments are sound (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) P1: If Bob studies hard, he will get an A. P2: Bob will get an A. C: Therefore, Bob studies hard.
(b) P1: All professional body builders are smart. P2: DWP is a professional body builder. C: Therefore, DWP is smart.
(c) P1: All humans are mammals. P2: Doug Portmore is a human. C: Therefore, Doug Portmore is a mammal.
(d) P1: If Barak Obama is married, then he is not a bachelor. P2: Barak Obama is married. C: So Barak Obama is not an unmarried man.
(e) P1: Either Doug Portmore is happy or he is unhappy. P2: It is not the case that Doug is happy. C: Therefore, Doug is unhappy.
(f) None of the above. |
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Definition
(c) P1: All humans are mammals. P2: Doug Portmore is a human. C: Therefore, Doug Portmore is a mammal.
(d) P1: If Barak Obama is married, then he is not a bachelor. P2: Barak Obama is married. C: So Barak Obama is not an unmarried man. |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following arguments are strong (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) P1: Murder and killing in self-defense are alike in all morally relevant respects. P2: Murder is morally wrong. C: Therefore, killing in self-defense is morally wrong.
(b) P1: Everyone with the last name Portmore that I know is a philosophy professor. C: Therefore, everyone with the last name Portmore is a philosophy professor.
(c) P1: Crest toothpaste is the most popular brand of toothpaste. C: Therefore, Crest toothpaste is the most effective at fighting cavities.
(d) P1: The Channel 9 weatherman has predicted that Phoenix will be hit by a category 5 hurricane tomorrow. P2: His predictions are accurate 95% of the time. C: Therefore, Phoenix will be hit by a category 5 hurricane tomorrow.
(e) P1: Everyday of my life so far the sun has risen in the east. P2: Tomorrow is in the relevant respects just like all those other days. C: Therefore, the sun will rise in the east tomorrow.
(f) None of the above. |
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Definition
(a) P1: Murder and killing in self-defense are alike in all morally relevant respects. P2: Murder is morally wrong. C: Therefore, killing in self-defense is morally wrong.
Strong
(d) P1: The Channel 9 weatherman has predicted that Phoenix will be hit by a category 5 hurricane tomorrow. P2: His predictions are accurate 95% of the time. C: Therefore, Phoenix will be hit by a category 5 hurricane tomorrow.
Strong
(e) P1: Everyday of my life so far the sun has risen in the east. P2: Tomorrow is in the relevant respects just like all those other days. C: Therefore, the sun will rise in the east tomorrow.
Strong |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following arguments are cogent (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) P1: Murder and killing in self-defense are alike in all morally relevant respects. P2: Murder is morally wrong. C: Therefore, killing in self-defense is morally wrong.
(b) P1: Everyone with the last name Portmore that I know of is a philosophy professor. C: Therefore, everyone with the last name Portmore is a philosophy professor.
(c) P1: Crest toothpaste is the most popular brand of toothpaste. C: Therefore, Crest toothpaste is the most effective at fighting cavities.
(d) P1: The Channel 9 weatherman has predicted that Phoenix will be hit by a category 5 hurricane tomorrow. P2: His predictions are accurate 95% of the time. C: Therefore, Phoenix will be hit by a category 5 hurricane tomorrow.
(e) P1: Everyday of my life so far the sun has risen in the east. P2: Tomorrow is in the relevant respects just like all those other days. C: Therefore, the sun will rise in the east tomorrow.
(f) None of the above. |
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Definition
(e) P1: Everyday of my life so far the sun has risen in the east. P2: Tomorrow is in the relevant respects just like all those other days. C: Therefore, the sun will rise in the east tomorrow.
Cogent |
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Term
| X is omniscient if and only if…. |
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Definition
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Term
| X is omnipotent if and only if…. |
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Definition
| X has the power to bring about any logically possible state of affairs |
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Term
| True or false: A being that is essentially omnipotent can create a boulder that is so massive that even s/he cannot move it. |
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Definition
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Term
Which, if any, of the following are logically possible (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) There are cows that can fly over the moon.
(b) DWP is neither tall nor short.
(c) DWP is both tall and not tall.
(d) DWP is both tall and short.
(e) DWP is not identical to himself.
(f) “P”; “If P, then Q”; and “~Q.”
(g) Unicorns exist.
(h) Masses often accelerate without being acted upon by any force.
(i) Some particles travel faster than the speed of light.
(j) None of the above. |
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Definition
(a) There are cows that can fly over the moon.
(b) DWP is neither tall nor short.
(g) Unicorns exist.
(h) Masses often accelerate without being acted upon by any force.
(i) Some particles travel faster than the speed of light. |
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Term
| Explain, step by step, the solution to the paradox of omnipotence. |
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Definition
(1) God is essentially omnipotent.
(2) If god is essentially omnipotent, then it is not logically possible for him to do something that would render himself non-omnipotent.
(3) Thus, it is not logically possible for God to do something that would render himself non-omnipotent. (From 1 and 2.)
(4) If it were logically possible for God to create a boulder that he couldn’t lift, then it would be logically possible for God to do something that would render himself non-omnipotent.
(5) Therefore, it is not logically possible for God to create a boulder that he couldn’t lift. (From 3 and 4.) |
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Term
| Provide an example of that which is logically possible is. |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide an example of that which is logically impossible is. |
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Definition
| Doug is both smart and not smart |
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Term
| X is omni-benevolent if and only if…. |
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Definition
| X, will to the best of knowledge and abilities to bring about the best possible world |
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Term
| X is a teleological system if and only if…. |
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Definition
| X is a compilation of parts that come together just so they perform a function |
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Term
| Provide an example of something that a teleological system is. |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide an example of something that is not a teleological system is. |
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Definition
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Term
Suppose that we found a mechanism that consisted in a system of parts that were so arranged that, under typical conditions, they worked together to serve the function of keeping track of time. Which, if any, of the following would undermine the conclusion that this mechanism is the product of intelligent design (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) We’ve never seen such a mechanism be designed or built.
(b) The mechanism is imperfect, falling behind a few ticks each year.
(c) It has certain components that appear to serve no function at all.
(d) We have never encountered such a mechanism before.
(e) The mechanism is self-replicating in that it is capable of producing other mechanisms that are like itself.
(f) None of the above. |
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Definition
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Term
Suppose that we're comparing Jill's car to Jack's car and that Jack's car gets 25 mpg. For each of the following claims, say whether the claim counts (i) for, (ii) against, or (iii) neither for nor against the conclusion that Jill's car also gets 25 mpg. Fill in each of the following blanks (the "blanks" that need filling are designated by a letter enclosed in brackets) with either i, ii, or iii. IMPORTANT: The only acceptable answers are: i, ii, and iii. Answering 'for', 'against', '(i)', II, or anything else besides i, ii, or iii will result in your answer being marked incorrect.
(a) Both Jill's car and Jack's car are 2005 Toyota Camrys. This claim counts [a] the conclusion that Jill's car also gets 25 mpg.
(b) Jill's car is red, but Jack's car is blue. This claim counts [b] the conclusion that Jill's car also gets 25 mpg. (c) Jack's car has a four cylinder engine, whereas Jill's car has a larger, six cylinder engine. This claim counts [c] the conclusion that Jill's car also gets 25 mpg.
(d) Bill's car has all the properties that Jill's car shares in common with Jack's car, but Bill's car gets only 20 mpg. This claim counts [d] the conclusion that Jill's car also gets 25 mpg. |
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Definition
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Term
Consider the argument given directly below.
(P1) Biological organisms are like watches in that they are teleological systems.
(P2) Watches have the further property of being products of intelligent design.
(C1) Therefore, biological organisms have the further property of being products of intelligent design.
(a) True or false: P1 is true.
(b) True or false: P2 is true.
(c) True or false: This is a valid argument.
(d) True or false: This is a strong argument.
(e) True or false: This is a sound argument.
(f) True or false: This is a cogent argument.
(g) For each, if any, of those that you said were false, explain why they are false. |
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Definition
a. true
b. true
c. false, not a valid argument, it is inductive
d. false, weak analogy
e. false, not valid
f. false, not strong |
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Term
Which, if any, of the following make one hypothesis (say, H1) better than another (say, H2) (choose as many as apply and, if none apply, choose ‘none of the above’)?
(a) H1 is less complicated than H2.
(b) H1 postulates only that humans exist, whereas H2 postulates both that humans exist and that lizards exist.
(c) H1 postulates only that God exists, whereas H2 postulates that both humans and God exist.
(d) H1 can explain both why humans exist and why men have nipples, whereas H2 can explain only why humans exist.
(e) H1 makes some testable predictions, whereas H2 makes no testable predictions.
(f) H1 better coheres with various known truths than H2 does.
(g) H1 coheres with the claim that God exists whereas H2 does not.
(h) None of the above. |
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Definition
(d) H1 can explain both why humans exist and why men have nipples, whereas H2 can explain only why humans exist.
(e) H1 makes some testable predictions, whereas H2 makes no testable predictions.
(f) H1 better coheres with various known truths than H2 does. |
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Term
| Explain how the evolution hypothesis is simpler than the creation hypothesis. |
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Definition
| Evolution process explains both the existence and teleological structure of biological organisms. |
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Term
| Explain how the evolution hypothesis coheres better with certain known truths than the creation hypothesis does. |
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Definition
| There are explanations showing how natural selection an things like continental drift works |
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Term
| Explain how the evolution hypothesis has greater explanatory power than the creation hypothesis does. |
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Definition
| Evolution hypothesis can explain sickle cell anemia, fossil record, why there are vestigial organs etc. |
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Term
| Explain how the evolution hypothesis has greater predictive power than the creation hypothesis does. |
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Definition
| Creation hypotheses make no predictions, |
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Term
Consider the argument given directly below.
(P1*) OBSERVATION: Biological organisms are teleological systems.
(P2*) EXPLANATION: The hypothesis that biological organisms are the products of intelligent design provides an explanation for the observation made in P1*.
(P3*) COMPARISON: No other hypothesis provides an explanation at least as good as the one offered in P2*.
(C1) CONCLUSION: Therefore, biological organisms are the products of intelligent design.
(a) True or false: P1* is true.
(b) True or false: P2* is true.
(c) True or false: P3* is true.
(d) True or false: This is a valid argument.
(e) True or false: This is a strong argument.
(f) True or false: This is a sound argument.
(g) True or false: This is a cogent argument.
(h) For each, if any, of those that you said were false, explain why they are false. |
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Definition
a. true
b. true
c. false, better explanations
d. false, inductive argument
e. true
f. false, not valid
g. false, p3 is false |
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Term
Consider the argument given directly below.
(C1) Biological organisms are products of intelligent design.
(P3/P4) If biological organisms are the products of intelligent design, then God exists.
(C2) Therefore, God exists.
(a) True or false: P3/P4 is true.
(b) True or false: This is a valid argument
(c) True or false: This is a strong argument.
(d) True or false: This is a sound argument.
(e) True or false: This is a cogent argument.
(f) For each, if any, of those that you said were false, explain why they are false. |
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Definition
a. false, we could be the product of an alien race
b. true
c. true
d. false p3/p4 is false
e. false p3/p4 is false |
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Term
| Explain the relationship between the plausibility of “If biological organisms are the products of intelligent design, then God exists” and the strength of the analogy between biological organisms and Paley’s watch. |
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Definition
| The stronger the analogy between organisms and the creator of watches the more implausible the claim is. |
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