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| Recognized by all as evil (murder, rape, theft, etc.) |
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| Wrong because it is prohibited (drug/alcohol abuse, gay marriage, abortion) |
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| Study of the causes and consequences of deviance and crime |
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| Individual characteristics that are associated with a higher rate of offending |
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| Individual-level correlates |
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| Correlates associated with an individual |
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| Neighborhood-level correlates |
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| Correlates associated with a neighborhood |
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| Individual characteristics may be independently correlated with any of the following crime measures: |
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| Participation, frequency, seriousness, specialization |
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| List Correlates of Offending |
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| Gender, age, race/ethnicity, social class, immigrant status |
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| Females are arrested more than men in only one crime (UCR arrests) |
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| Which age period is associated with a higher crime rate? |
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| Peaks at 17 and slowly declines after |
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| ________ are overrepresented at every stage in the criminal justice system (race/ethnicity) |
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| Explanations for black overrepresentation in the criminal justice system include: |
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| Neighborhood leads to different propensities to commit crime; differences in family structure, social context, or immigrant generation; differential treatment by the CRJ system |
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| _____ classes are overrepresented in the CRJ system |
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| What could cause the overrepresentation of lower-class individuals in the criminal justice system? |
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| Expressive or instrumental crimes; differential treatment by the criminal justice system (ex: public defender vs. private lawyer) |
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Term
Which of the following statements about immigrants and crime is supported by scientific evidence:
A. More immigrants = (Slightly) less crime
B. More immigrants = More crime |
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| A set of interconnected statements or propositions that explain how two or more events or factors are related to one another |
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| Criteria for a good theory |
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| Validity, Parsimony, Scope |
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| Articulated propositions & unarticulated assumptions of the theory |
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| Causal sequence, human nature, social order (creation of law), nature of offender |
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| What is the theory trying to explain? |
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Definition
Macro, meso, or micro-level
Independent, dependent variable |
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| Causal sequence assumptions |
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Definition
| You should be able to diagram the causal sequence assumptions of a theory A->B->C or A+B->C |
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Definition
One of three positions:
Hedonistic, self seeking, will infringe on rights of others unless restrained
Pro-social, will not offend against others unless pushed
Variable, like clay, product of social force |
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| Consensus, conflict, interactionist, or a mix |
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| Helps establish scientific validity. Requires: control group, treatment group, equivalence |
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| Establishes validity. Simulate experiment from naturally occurring processes (pubic policy and events) |
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| What is needed to statistically define a variable as causal? |
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Definition
| Statistical association or correlation, causal priority, a correlation that cannot be explained by a third variable |
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| Causality is not enough, consider |
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Definition
| Mechanisms (why did it work?), Effect heterogeneity (for whom did it work?), contextualization (when/where did it work?) |
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| Knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences. |
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| Knowledge can be discovered only by means of observation and experience; scientific method |
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| Crimes not entirely due to free will; at least partially rooted in factors outside of individual control |
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| Challenged view that criminals were rational, self-interested individuals; Criminals not normal and biologically different; primitive/savage state of individual --> crime; lead to foundation for the positivist school of criminology |
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| Lombroso's "Born Criminal" |
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Definition
| Resembled a stereotypical "caveman"; made up 1/3 of all criminals |
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| Crime is due to forces beyond the individuals control: biological, psychological, or social forces with reliance on the scientific method |
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| Falls of Early Biological theories |
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| Social factors may be more important; methodological flaws; disciplinary rivalry with sociology; major policy implications of theories. |
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| Social philosophy advocating improving human traits and society through influencing reproduction. Manifestation of social darwinism |
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| Modern work on biology and crime that also take into consideration the importance and influence of the social environment |
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| Modern day biological theories argue (at the most general level) |
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Definition
| Biological and environmental factors influence the development of traits conducive to crime; traits conducive to crime influence the social environment in ways that increase the likelihood of crime; crime is most likely among individuals who possess traits conducive to crime and are in aversive environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Both Nature & nurture matte; Genes x Environment = behavior; Theoretical integration important. THEY DO NOT WANT TO SEARCH FOR THE "CRIME GENE" |
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Term
| Adoption studies have found... |
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Definition
| Criminality of biological parents is more important than that of the adoptive parents in determining child's criminality |
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Term
| Assumptions of Biological Criminology |
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Definition
Human nature: at least partially determined by factors outside of the individual
Social order: Government must be trusted so that findings are not abused
Offender: Fundamentally different from non-offender; must be treated either before or after the crime
Micro-level: What about the offender is different
Independent Variables: Individual characteristics, parental characteristics
Dependent variable: antisocial behavior, offending propensity, criminality |
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Definition
| Laws must derive from the will of the people. Laws should target only harmful behaviors. Laws should be equally and consistently applied. Laws should be well-known |
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| Beccaria's view on effective punishment |
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Definition
| Public, as soon as possible following crime, least possible to deter, proportionate to the crime, determined by the law |
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| In order of importance, Beccaria emphasized |
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Definition
| Certainty, swiftness, severity |
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Term
| (Bentham) Individual pain and pleasure is valued according to six dimensions |
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Definition
| Intensity, duration, certainty, immediacy, whether it causes more pain/pleasure, whether it causes the opposite (pain causes pleasure, vise versa) |
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Term
| (Bentham) Individual pain and pleasure is valued according to six dimensions |
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Definition
| Intensity, duration, certainty, immediacy, whether it causes more pain/pleasure, whether it causes the opposite (pain causes pleasure, vise versa) |
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Term
| Societal pleasure and pain contains all 6 of the dimensions of pain and pleasure plus |
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Definition
| Extent - the number of people who are affected by it |
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Term
| Assumptions of classical criminology |
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Definition
Human nature: free will, rational, self-interested
Social order: social contract is necessary to restrain individual human appetite
Offender: no different, simply in a particular situation which makes crime a rational choice - does not take into account individual differences |
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Term
| Assumptions of classical criminology |
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Definition
Human nature: free will, rational, self-interested
Social order: social contract is necessary to restrain individual human appetite
Offender: no different, simply in a particular situation which makes crime a rational choice - does not take into account individual differences |
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| Beccaria & Bentham; People have free will when they make decisions, including those who commit crime. Punishment must be certain, swift, and severe |
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| People are rational and pursue their own interests, attempting to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. Punishment must be swift, certain, and severe with a focus on official punishments. Deterrence occurs when someone refrains from committing a crime because they fear the certainty, severity, and/or swiftness of formal legal punishment. |
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| Three Elements of Deterrence? |
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Definition
| Certainty, severity, swiftness |
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| Punishment will deter future crimes of the person being punished. Found to not be supported |
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| Punishment deters crime among people in the population |
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| Results from research in deterrence theory show |
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Definition
Increasing certainty may reduce a moderate amount of crime
changes in level of severity have little or no effect on crime |
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