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ASTRONOMY FINAL
CH 5-11
83
Astronomy
Undergraduate 3
12/14/2015

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Term
6 properties of life
Definition
order
reproduction
growth development
energy ulilization
response to environment
evolutionary adaption
Term
Darwin Evolutionss
Definition
two undeniable facts and one in escapable conclusion:

1. competition for suvival due to overproduction

2. variation of species- no two are the same

CONCLUSION; unequal reproductive success- better traits = better reproducing rates
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Darwin's conclusion of unequal reproductive success.
Term
What is evidence that all life has a common ancestor?
Definition
amino acid chains of the same 20 proteins
evolution
amino acids on left side are only used by proteins
Term
Why do we say life on earth is carbon based?
Definition
96% of the oxygen exists in molecules of water that is predominately carbon
Term
what are carbohydrates?
Definition
energy providers to cells
Term
What are protiens?
Definition
large molecules built from chains of amino acids
Term
What are lipids?
Definition
stores energy for cells like fat.
has major ingredients of cell membranes.
Term
what are the three domains of life
Which domain do we belong to?
Definition
bacteria, Archaea, eukarya

Eukarya- cell has a nuclei
Term
what are amino acids
Definition
small molecules that make up one chain of protien
Term
what is the tree of life and what ideas come from it?sss
Definition
connections scientists have mapped out between tens of thousands of species.

3 ideas:
all large multicellular organisms represent 3 small branches of one domain
diversity occurs in microscopic realm
branch lengths represent genetic difference between species
Term
what is metabolism and what are the two basic needs of a metabolic organism?
Definition
metabolism is chemical reactions that occur in living organisms

provides energry or nurtrients to cells

two basic needs:
source of raw materials
source of energy
Term
4 types of metabolic classifications?
Definition
photoautotroph
chemoautotroph
photohetertroph
chemonetertroph
Term
whats the difference between photoautotroph and chemoautotroph vs photohetertroph and chemohetertroph?
Definition
the autotrophs are carbon dioxide sources
the hetertrophs are organic compound sources
Term
what role does water play in metabolism?
Definition
allows organic chemicals to float in cells for reaction
transfers chemicals to cells
involved in metabolic reactions
Term
animals vs plants. Which ones are hetereo/ autotrophs?
Definition
all animals and some micscopic organisms are heterotrophs- they get their carbon by eating it.

most plants and trees are autotrophs- they get their carbon from themselves.
Term
how does the structure of DNA allow replication to occur?
Definition
the two DNA strands unzip itself to allow new strands build from the base pair rule AT CG resulting in a new replicated strand
Term
what is a gene? What is a genome? Genetic code?
Definition
instruction for building a single protein
it is the basic function and unit of an organisms heredity


a genome complete sequence of DNA bases in an orgamisn containing all genes and noncoding DNA

Genetic Code set of rules for reading DNA
Term
what is a mutation?
Definition
any change in the base sequence of DNA
Term
chemical evolution theory
Definition
life started on earth sponatenously from increasing complex chemical reactions
Term
What experiment suggests the basic building blocks of life could be formed on Early Life?
Definition
UREY Miller Experiment
Term
what are the 3 lines of fossil evidence?
Definition
stromalolites
microfossils
isotopic evidence
Term
what are stromalites?
Definition
distinct layered structure
Term
where does evidence suggest life first began?
Definition
near deep sea vents or underground
Term
What was the Urey Miller Experiment?
Definition
test to see if sunlight fueled chemcial reactions could produce organic materials.

answer? YES THEY CAN
Term
cells
Definition
basic structure of life on earth
Term
hydrocarbons
Definition
hydrogen bonded with carbon molecues
simple organic molecules
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
DNA and RNA
Term
process of translation
Definition
RNA attach to amino acids into chains to make proteins
TRANSLATES GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS INTO PROTIEN
Term
process of transcription
Definition
mRNA assembled along one strand of DNA and transcribes DNA instructions for use in another cell
Term
endospores
Definition
resting cells produced by some bacteria found in extreme conditions
Term
Pansmeria
Definition
idea that life traveled through space to earth
evidence of organic compounds found in meteoids
Term
mitchondria
Definition
cellular organs that oxygen helps produce energy
Term
choloroplasts
Definition
structures in plant cells that produce energy through photosynthesis
Term
Cambrian Explosion
Definition
major diversification in geological record
oxygen level increased for survivak for more complex life
climate drastically changed
DNA variations increased
Term
Eukarya
Definition
lacked a nucleus
developed membrane infolding leading for evolution for a nucleus
Term
KT IMPACT
Definition
massive explosion that caused extinction of dinosaurs.
wiped out 75% of life
paved the way for humans
Term
most likely alternative to water?
Definition
ammonia
Term
3 main environmental requirements for life
Definition
molecules to build cells
water to transport
source of energy
Term
why are the moon and mercury unlikely to be habitable?
Definition
little water
water not transportable
Moon is too cold for liquid water
Mercury is too hot for liquid water
Term
why wpuld mars be a good candidate for life in the past?
Definition
had liquid water
internal heat
water could exist underground
Term
Jupiter and Saturn's habitability
Definition
comfortable temperature
strong winds hard to survive
Term
What type of moons are the best candidates for life?
Definition
large moons on Jovian planets
ongoing source of internal heat for liquid water
Term
Why are small bodies unlikely to have life?
Definition
no left over internal heating
Term
Titan Moon
Definition
saturn's moon
lakes of methane
smokey and cloudy
only moon with atmosphere
primarily made of nitrogen
high pressure low temperature
Term
What is the volcanic Region on Mars Called?
Definition
Tharsis Region
Term
IO
Definition
Volcanic moon
looks like rotten pizza
no impact craters, only volcanic
covered in sulfur
Term
What is Olympus Mons
Definition
largest volcano in solar system
Term
why is there no liquid water on mars?
Definition
150 times less pressure than earth
mostly made up of carbon dioxide
water is frozen
Term
Galilean Moons
Definition
IO
Euopa
Earth's Moon
Ganyimede
Calliesto
Term
Euorpa
Definition
most possible for life
cracks in ice
possiblity of subsurface ocean for water
NO CRATERS
tidal flexing
Term
Enceladus
Definition
small moon of Saturn
two sides- one with craters one with out
Term
Venus, MArs, Earth, ( 3 little bears anaology )
Definition
Venus too cold
Mars too hot
earth JUST RIGHT
Term
Factors affecting surface habitability
Definition
distance from central star
power from star
size of planet
thick atmosphere/ magnetic field
Term
what happens beyond inner or outer boundary?
Definition
runaway green house effect beyond inner boundary

surface water freezes beyond outer boundary
Term
Herschel
Definition
believed mars had an atmosphere similar to earth's
Term
Schiaprelli
Definition
observed channels on mars
Term
Percival Lowell
Definition
studied the works of Schiaprelli, opened Lowell Observatory and said he observed over 200 cannals but it couldnt be proven.
Term
why do seasons vary on Mars if it shares a similar axis tilt with Earth?
Definition
one martian year = twice as long as earth's
seasons have severe temp changes due to mar's southern hemisphere
Term
Explain mars polar caps
Definition
2 polar caps
southern hemisphere- high in elevation and filled with craters

northern hemisphere- few impact craters below martian level
towering volcanoes
Term
What tells the age of mars?
Definition
number of craters
radiometric dating of meteroites
Term
3 ages of Mars
Definition
Nochain (early) - heavy bombardant period
Hesperian (middle)
Amazonian (recent)
Term
what evidence suggests water once flowed on mars?
Definition
craters and channels
Term
What did Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiters show?
Definition
showed evidence of dry riverbeds
Term
What makes up atmoshpere?
Definition
nitrogen
Term
life of star
Definition
blue
yellow
red gas giant
nebula
black holes
Term
OB stars
Definition
no planets
wide habitabilty
lifetime too short for planet formation
Term
AF planets
Definition
hot
not likely for life because radioactive emissions
life too short
Term
G planets
Definition
Earth!
7% of all stars in this category

emits moderate amounts of UV radiation
Term
KM planets
Definition
gas giants
90% of all stars
long lifetimes

has a violent surface
narrow habitable zone
Term
Spectroclassification
Definition
size
temperature
heat
Term
what depends if like is on another star?
Definition
nature of parent star
plaents in habitable zone
size composition of planet
Term
what is the habitable zone
Definition
range of distances similar to the earth from the sun that life could be in
Term
whats needed in a habitable zone?
Definition
source of liquid
evolution in its distance away from zone
Term
Where can life exist beyond habitable zone?
Definition
small pockets of subsurface groundwater
planet's that can self regulate through internal heating
another source of liquid water
Term
why do we believe venus and earth outgasses similar amounts of carbon?
Definition
share similar compositions and sizes
Term
Where should we expect to find water on Venus?
Definition
there is none due to ultraviolent light.

if there's any, its in the atmosphere.
Term
what is the runaway greenhouse effect
Definition
greenhouse gases drive temps to their extremes leading to carbon dioxide to be released into atmosphere
Term
Why do we believe Venus couldve had water?
Definition
no impact craters
Term
location of inner boundary effected by distance from the sun?
Definition
Earth placed outside 0.84AU from sun causes runaway greenhouse effect.

placed 0.95AU , moist greenhouse would occur amd lead to loss of oceans
Term
how does the sun brighten?
Definition
fusing hydrogen and helium
causes a decrease in particles
core shrinks
temperature increases
Term
when will earth become inhabitable?
Definition
a billion years from now
result from moist greenhouse effect evaporating oceans
Term
why do we expect the sun to die?
Definition
it will eventually run out of hydrogen
burn out to only a center core that would eventually burn out and only photons of light would exist in darkness
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