Term
APPARENT MAGNITUDES
who
what is the scale |
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Definition
apparent magnitudes
HIPPARCHUS of Rhodes & Alexandria in 150 bc
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th
1-2 brightest, 3-5 fainter but visible, 6 naked eye limit
modern: (-3 to 0) very bright, 7 8 9 visible w telescope or binoculars |
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Term
APPARENT MAGNITUDES
examples
sun, full moon, supernova m1, venus, jupiter, mars, mercury, sirius, betelgeuse, aldebaran, antares, saturn, mizar, m31, uranus |
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Definition
sun= -27
full moon= -13
supernova, m1(crab nebula in TAU, 1054 AD)=-5
venus= -4
jupiter= -3
mars, mercury= -2
sirius(brightest normal star in night sky)= -1.5
betelgeuse= 0
aldebaran, antares, saturn= 1
mizar= 2
m31(andromeda galaxy in AND)= 4
uranus= 6 (naked eye limit)
neptune= 8
typical galaxy in virgo cluster= 9
pluto= 15 |
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Term
SUN
layers of sun
see pic |
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Definition
e-m waves (photons) coming from surface
corona & chromosphere (sun's atmosphere)
photosphere 6000 degrees K
zone of convection (circles w arrows)
radiation zone (also has e-m waves/photons)
core (nuclear reactions, fusion) 15,000,000 degrees K |
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Term
SUN
distance
diameter
mass
spectral type |
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Definition
distance: 1 AU=93,000,000 mi (astronomical unit)
diameter: 1,000,000 miles
mass: 1 M circle dot= 1 solar mass
spectral type: G |
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Term
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Definition
30,000 K (hot) 3000 k (cooler)
O B A F G(6000K) K M
blue, blue, blue/white, white, yellow, orange, red
O: emits mainly UV (short wave, high f)
G: emits mainly visible light
M: emits mainly IR (long wave, low f) |
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Term
SUN
spectral scale
letters an memorization tool |
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Definition
Oh Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me
O B A F G K M |
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Term
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Definition
color: orange/pink
jagged shape, "spicules" |
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Term
CORONA
color
see at
density
temp
emits
"coronal holes"
CME |
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Definition
color: white
see at: total solar eclipes
density: low
temp: very hot, 2,000,000 K
emits: xrays
"coronal holes": cooler, fewer xrays
CME: coronal mass ejection (giant flare, cause aurora)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
SUNSPOTS
ancient:
first european:
counted since: |
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Definition
ancient: chinese, naked-eye, dust storms
first european: Galileo 1610-1611
counted since: 1760
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Term
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Definition
cooler region on sun
photosphere= 6000 K
sunspots= 4000 K
ex. electronic flash, near 6000 K, like sun
light bulb filament: 3200 K, "orange"
strong magnetic fields
photosphere: 1 gauss
sunspots: 1000s of Gauss
earth's magnetic field: 1/2 gauss |
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Term
SUNSPOT CYCLE
how long (average)
right now
next will occur: |
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Definition
average 11 years
right now rising to a max
max will occur: 2013 |
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Term
SOLAR FLARES
what is it
interrupt what
cause what |
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Definition
violent, material escapes into space, it can reach Earth in 1 to 3 days
interrupt radio, satellites, communications, power lines
cause auroras |
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Term
SOLAR FLARES
auroras, their names
colors, element, altitude
most famous color
how often in texas? |
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Definition
Aurora Borealis("cold", "north")
Aurora Australis("south")
Aurora means "glow like dawn"
red = oxygen = high altitude
green = oxygen = medium alt
blue = nitrogen = low alt
green most famous
in texas 1 or 2 times every 11 years |
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Term
PROMINENCES
what are they |
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Definition
less violent flare
loop on edge, bright, called a PROMINENCE
dark bit on sun, dark, called FILAMENT
same thing different location |
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Term
SOLAR SYSTEM
terrestrial planets:
moons=
mercury=
earth=
mars= |
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Definition
terrestrial planets "like the earth" rocky, small
moons= 0
mercury= 0
earth= 1
mars= 2 |
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Term
SOLAR SYSTEM
jovian planets
Jupiter=
saturn=
uranus=
neptune=
pluto= |
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Definition
jovian planets, like jupiter, gases, large
Jupiter=63
saturn=61
uranus=27
neptune=13
pluto=3 oddball |
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Term
SOLAR SYSTEM
know symbols, see pic
jupiter
pluto
saturn |
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Definition
Jupiter = Jove = Zeus
symbol is "lightning bolt of zeus"
pluto: discovered 1930 at Lowell Observatory, founded by Percival Lowell
saturn = kronos = "time"
symbol is sickle/scythe |
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Term
KUIPER BELT OBJECTS (KBO's)
who was Kuiper
what are KBO's
examples |
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Definition
Kuiper director of McDonald Observatory 1940s-1950s
KBO's are icy rocks, small objects beyond Neptunes orbit
ERIS and moon DYSNOMIA
means "discord, strife", means "lawlessness"
PLUTO and large moon CHARONS and two small moons NIX, HYDRA
ERIS and PLUTO about same size! |
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Term
CONFIGURATIONS
outer planets:
opposition
conjunction
best time to observe |
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Definition
outer planets: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto (M J S U N P)
opposition: opp of sun in sky, best to observe
conjunction: near sun in sky |
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Term
CONFIGURATIONS
inner planets:
superior conjunction:
inferior conjunction:
greatest elongation:
best to observe: |
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Definition
inner planets: m, v (mercury, venus)
superior conjunction: other side of sun, in line w
inferior conjunction, between us and sun, in line
greatest elongation: furthest from sun in sky, best to observe |
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Term
TYCHO
when
what
used what
names of houses |
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Definition
1570s - 1601
great OBSERVER
no telescopes, used quadrants and sextants
castle(his house): Urani Borg "of heavens" "castle"
2nd building: Sterne Borg "of stars" "castle"
on island Hven
observed planets, took data for 30 years |
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Term
GREAT OBSERVERS
tycho
galileo
herschel
barnard |
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Definition
TYCHO = 1572 = star catalogue, planetary motions, s.n.
GALILEO = 1610 = moon, sun, planets
HERSCHEL=1781=discovered uranus, discovered IR
BARNARD = 1895 = comets, "eagle eyes"
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Term
GREAT THEORISTS
hipparchus
ptolemy
copernicus
kepler
newton
einstein |
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Definition
HIPPARCHUS=150bc=magnitudes, precession
PTOLEMY=150ad= geocentric
COPERNICUS=1450=heliocentric
KEPLER=1620=Kepler's laws of solar system
NEWTON=1664=gravity, light, ocean tides, invented calculus
EINSTEIN=1917=relativity |
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Term
MARY SHELLY: origin of FRANKENSTEIN
where
when
why
how |
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Definition
neighbor of Lord Byron in Switzerland in June 1816
Mary Shelley was challenged by Lord Byron to write a ghost story
had a waking dream after the "witching hour" midnight had gone by (2-3am) on June 16, 1816
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Term
MARY SHELLEY and FRANKENSTEIN
how proven |
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Definition
moonlight shining on her bedroom window: "the closed shutters, with the moonlight struggling through"
WANING GIBBOUS MOON (67% lit)
high in the sky at Villa Diodati near Geneva, Switzerland |
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Term
TRANSIT OF VENUS
when
study pic |
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Definition
June 5, 2010 in the USA
June 6, 2012 in Asia |
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Term
TYCHO
observed:
planets
stars |
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Definition
planets: took data for 30 years
stars: supernova in CAS (1572), inspired star in Act I, scene I of Hamlet. his house near Elsinore Castle (setting of Hamlet) |
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Term
KEPLER
what he did
what he was
when |
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Definition
1511-1630
analyzed tycho's data, especially mars
Kepler=theorist, mathematician
Kepler's three laws
after tycho |
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Term
KEPLER'S FIRST LAW
shape of orbits |
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Definition
| orbits of planets, comets, and asteroids are ellipses with sun at a focus (not at center) |
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Term
KEPLER'S SECOND LAW
areas and times of elliptical orbits |
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Definition
equal areas, equal times
speeds up around sun focus
slows down other focus
motion in equal time intervals |
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Term
KEPLER'S THIRD LAW
equation |
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Definition
period (time to orbit once) about equal to:
a cubed, "semi-major axis" (average distance from sun) |
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Term
KEPLER'S THIRD LAW
examples |
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Definition
ex. mercury P= 88 days, a= .39 AU
ex. earth P= 1 year, a= 1 AU
ex. pluto P= 248 years, a= 40 AU
NOTE: pluto was discovered by Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in 1930, not orbited once since discovery! |
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Term
PROGRADE ORBITS
what has prograde orbits
what it means |
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Definition
all planets have prograde orbits
prograde= motion/direction earth goes in its orbit around the sun
means "forward stepping" |
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Term
RETROGRADE ORBIT
what is it, what has it
example
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Definition
opposite direction around sun
about 50% of all comets have retrograde orbits
ex. Halley's Comet
Perihelion: Feb 9, 1986
next perihelion July 28, 2061
PERIOD 75 YEARS |
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