Term
| 4 components that define asthma |
|
Definition
| inflammation, reversible airway obstruction, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), airway remodeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leukotriene-B4, produced by mast cells; recruits PMNs |
|
|
Term
| asthma: predominant effector cells? Th2 or Th1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 |
|
Definition
IL-4: IgE, Th2
IL-5: eosinophils
IL-13: IgE, eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| how do epithelial cells contribute to asthma? |
|
Definition
| produce chemokines that damage epithelium; also produce NO to cause vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| causes of IgE-independent bronchoconstriction (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does an allergen cause bronchoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| allergen binds to IgE on mast cell -> release of leukotrienes, histamine, and prostaglandins -> bronchoconstriction (late phase) |
|
|
Term
| what contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness? (3) |
|
Definition
| increased vagal tone, chronic inflammation, increased smooth m. cells |
|
|
Term
| 5 changes that occur in airway remodeling |
|
Definition
| thickening of sub-basement membrane, hypertrophy of smooth m. cells, hypertrophy of mucosal glands and goblet cells, new blood vessel growth, and fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| which helper T cell subset predominates at birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| environmental factors that favor Th2 |
|
Definition
| Western, diet, urban, antbiotics |
|
|
Term
| environmental factors that favor Th1 |
|
Definition
| siblings, day care, rural, infections |
|
|
Term
| PFTs in intermittent vs. severe asthma |
|
Definition
intermittent asthma: no change in PFTs
moderate to severe asthma: reduced PEF, AHR+, reduced lung volumes if there is air trapping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(+): few side effects, lower dosage required, direct delivery, rapid onset
(-): user-dependent, cold freon effect, CFCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(+): easy to use, breath activated, no propellant
(-): requires patient's breathing capacity |
|
|
Term
| pros and cons of nebulizers |
|
Definition
(+): easy to use, indicated for children and elderly, easy to teach
(-): requires power source and regular maintenance; increases risk of airborne infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compressed air jet, ultrasonic |
|
|
Term
| which asthma drug delivery instrument is most commonly found in the ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
