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| The condition in which the weight bearing down at a particular point within an object is balanced by the pressure within the object |
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| The attractive short-range force between protons and neutrons that holds atomic nuclei together; one of the 4 fundamental forces of nature, mediated by the exchange of gluons |
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| The combo of 2 less massive atomic nuclei into a single more massive atomic nucleus |
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| The release of energy from the nuclear fusion of 4 hydrogen atoms into a single helium atom |
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| innermost part of a planetary interior; innermost part of a star |
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| Atomic nuclei are held together by the ____ |
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| one of the ways in which hydrogen burning can take place. this is the most important path for hydrogen burning in low-mass stars such as the sun |
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| A positively charged subatomic particle; the antiparticle o the electron |
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| a very low-mass, electrically neutral particle emitted during beta decay. Neutrinos interact with matter only very feebly and so can penetrate through great quantities of matter |
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| forms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons |
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| An elementary particle of antimatter identical in mass but opposite in charge and all other properties to its corresponding ordinary matter particle |
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| Hydrogen burns mostly via the ___ |
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| The transfer of energy from one location to another. In stars, energy transport is carried out mainly by radiation or convection |
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| A measure of how effectively a material block the radiation going through it |
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| A region in the interior of a star through which energy is transported outward by radiation |
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| A region on the outer edge of a star in which energy is transported outward by convection |
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| In the outer part of the sun, energy is carried by ___ |
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| ___ escape freely from the core of the sun |
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| The historical observation that only about a third as many neutrinos as predicted by theory seemed to be coming from the Sun |
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| The use of solar oscillations to study the interior of the Sun |
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| The apparent surface of the Sun as seen in visible light |
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| The darker appearance caused by increased atmospheric absorption near the limb of a planet or star |
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| The region in the Sun's atmosphere located between the Photosphere and the Corona |
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| The Sun's ___ lies above the Photosphere |
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| The hot, outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere |
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| A low density region in the solar corona containing "open" magnetic field lines along which coronal material is free to stream into interplanetary space |
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| A cooler, transitory region on the solar surface produced when loops of magnetic flux break through the surface of the sun |
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| rotation of different parts of a system at different rates |
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| 1. the darkest part of a shadow, where the source of light is completely blocked. 2. the darkest, innermost part of a sunspot |
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| 1. the outer part of a shadow, where the source of light is only partially blocked 2. the region surrounding the umbra of a sunspot. the penumbra is cooler and darker than the surrounding surface of the sun but not as cool or dark as the umbra of the sunspot |
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| The approx. 11 year cycle during which sunspot activity increases and then decreases. This is one half of a full 22 year cycle, in which the magnetic polarity of the Sun first reverses and then returns to its original configuration |
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| The period from 1645-1715 when very few sunspots were observed |
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| the time, occuring about every 11 years, when the Sun is at it peak activity, meaning that sunspot activity and related phenomena (such as prominences, flares, and coronal mass ejections) are at their peak |
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| An area on the Sun's Chromoshpere anchoring bursts of intense magnetic activity |
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| Hot-rising gas in the chromosphere constrained by magnetic fields |
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| Explosions on the Sun's surface associated with complex sunspot groups and strong magnetic fields |
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| An eruption on the sun that ejects hot gas and energetic particles at much higher speeds then are typical in the solar wind |
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| At each point within the sun there's a balance between the outward push of pressure and the inward pull of gravity. This balance is called |
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hydrostatic equilibrium(in the sun):
Energy provided by ___ maintains the pressure |
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Hydrostatic equilibrium (in the sun):
Gas pressure depends on ___ (and ___) |
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| high ___= high particles speeds |
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-The ______ binds protons together.
-Fusion of ___ requires ramming protons together at high speeds (& high temperature) |
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| strong nuclear force; hydrogen |
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| What is the fusion process in the Sun? |
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Proton-Proton chain:
begin with 4 Hydrogen nuclei and end with a _____, _____, _____, and ____. |
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| helium nucleus, energy (gamma ray), positrons, and neutrinos as well |
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| Mass of 4 ___ nuclei is slightly greater then 1 ___ nucleus |
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| In the proton-Proton chain, the difference in mass is released as ___ |
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| In the sun, __, __, and __ increase towards the center |
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| density, temperature, and pressure |
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Radiative transfer:
net shift of ___ out from the core.
-hotter regions are more crowded with __ than cooler regions |
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| As we move farther out from the Sun's core, radiative transfer becomes so inefficient due to __ and __ that a different way of transporting energy takes over, ___ |
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| opacity and temperature drop towards exterior of Sun; convection |
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| Recall in convection that hot gas __ and cool gas |
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| In the ___, rising hot gas takes energy to surface where it then radiates into space |
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| ____: where the density drops very rapidly with increasing altitude |
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| The three layers of the solar atmosphere are: |
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| Photosphere, Chromosphere, and the Corona |
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At limb of sun we don't see as deep down into the atmosphere; we only reach the higher, cooler layers which produce less light
This is known as: |
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| Bright blobs on ___ are where hot gas is reaching the surface |
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| cooler areas in the photosphere are called |
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| The ___ and ___ of the sun's atmosphere change abruptly at the boundary between the chromoshpere and the corona |
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| temperature and density (FIG-11.13) |
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| The structure of sunspots includes dark __ with surrounding lighter-colored ___ |
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| ___ are cooler then other parts of the Sun's surface, and are regions with strong magnetic fields |
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| Measure magnetic field strength and polarity using ____ |
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| Zeeman effect= splitting of spectral lines (outside sunspot we see a single spectral line, but the strong magnetic field inside the sunspot splits that line into 3 lines |
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| Zeeman effect= splitting of ___ lines(outside sunspot we see a single ___ line, but the strong magnetic field inside the sunspot splits that line into 3 lines |
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| The ___ (layer in Sun's atmosphere) gives off a reddish emission-line spectrum |
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| sunspots are located in which layer of the Sun? |
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| ___-stick up from chromosphere into corona |
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CORONA:
-above the ___
-very hot: T= 1 to 2 million k
-emits ___
-can extend for several solar radii |
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| A diagram showing the number of sunspots at a given latitude plotted against time has the appearance of a series of opposing diagonal bands and is often referred to as the sunspot _____ |
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| The Sun's magnetic field structures the |
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| a flow of charged particles from the surface of the Sun |
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| neutrinos oscillate (alternate back and forth) among 3 different kinds, or "flavors"--the __, __, and __ neutrinos |
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| Solar magnetic field reverses after ___ |
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| sunspot cycle--> 22-year cycle |
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