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- Aristarchus -- Hellenistic astronomy; relative distances of Sun and Moon(drastically underestimated); dimensions of Sun and Moon relative to Earth(too small); heliocentric model(earth revolves around sun); approximate date(310BC-230BC)
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| circumference of earth(used stades to calculate, very accurate) |
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| star catalogue with celestial longitudes and latitudes, magnitudes; discovery of precession; inequality of seasons and Sun's orbit; Moon's orbit; Moon's geocentric parallax(not seeing close things like planets at correct altitude); accurate lengths of various kinds of months and of year; 190-120 |
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- geocentric model using epicycles (Apollonius), equant and other problems; Matematike syntaxis (Mathematical Compilation ) and Tetrabiblos: tables for predicting positions of Sun, Moon, planets; refinement and extension of Hipparchus's work, including geocentric parallaxes of Sun and Moon; astrology; Planetary Hypotheses(universe as set of nested spheres, dimensions of universe); 90-168
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| importance of astronomy in Islamic lands |
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- --very; religious practice, astrology
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| Islamic religious practice |
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| calendar; lunar year, crescent Moon beginning month (hilal); timekeeping for prayer (muwaqqit), direction to Mecca (qiblah); alignments of Kaaba; spherical trigonometry |
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| planetary tables for predictions = zij; astrology for state purposes, individual; part of medical practice |
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| Caliph al-Ma'mun and the House of Wisdom (HW), Baghdad |
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| translation institue, research, |
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| al-Khwarizmi (HW) and early zij, pre-Ptolemaic |
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..Worked at house of wisdom, astronomer/mathemetician, De numero indorum (Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning)... |
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| book of motion of stars and planetary paths, 150 |
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| HW) critic of Ptolemy, trepidation (based on erroneous data from Ptolemy) |
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| Muhammad al-Battani (Albategnius) |
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| introduction of sines, spherical trigonometry; improved Ptolemaic model, especially solar orbit eccentricity and advance of solar apogee |
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| used Ptolemy's catalogue for positions with improved magnitudes for star maps: Book on Fixed Stars, mix of Greek and old Arabian constellations, Andromeda Galaxy |
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| observer, large instruments; Hakemite Tables included observations of eclipses and conjunctions; recognized problem of atmospheric refraction (Greeks before) |
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| important Book on Optics, critic of Ptolemy (equant; math, not physics), On the Configuration of the World attempt to revive concentric spheres like Aristotle |
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| Maragha Observatory: large instruments, library, large staff; Maragha School, Tusi couple (2-d, 3-d), secondary epicycles; revised Ptolemy's model of motion in latitude; eliminated equant; Ilkhanic Tables contemporary with Alfonsine Tables |
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muwaqqit at Damascus mosque; Maragha School; eliminated equant by introducing secondary epicycle; refined Moon's motion, eliminated Ptolemy's 2X distance variation; tested models against observations: Sun's, Moon's angular diameter; possible connection to Copernicus -- models similar |
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| Samarkand Observatory; inspired by Maragha; large instruments, esp. gigantic mural quadrant; star catalogue with newly-measured positions, improved parameters based on observations; sine and tangent tables |
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| Ibn al-Zarqala (Arzachel) |
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| Isfahan Obs.; Jalali calendar (solar) |
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| origin of name; Isaac ben Said and Jehuda ben Moses Cohen; precession and trepidation; significance; approximate date |
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| ule of Council of Nicea, Venerable Bede cycle (Metonic, day of week) |
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| Medieval criticism of Aristotle's theory of motion |
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| Buridan, Oresme; impetus, argument of fall |
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| dichotomy both in Islamic thought and in late medieval cosmology |
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| Sacrobosco (John of Holywood) |
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| medieval texts on astronomy, esp. Treatise on the Sphere and deficiencies; Theory of the Planets by an anonymous author intended to fix defects in Sacrobosco and its deficiencies |
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| Georg Peuerbach (or Purbach) |
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| New Theory of the Planets; Epitome of the Almagest clarification of Ptolemy (with Regiomontanus) |
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| egiomontanus (Johannes Mueller) |
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| pupil of Peurbach; Epitome of the Almagest (with Peurbach); Ephemerides and Columbus |
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| pupil of Regiomontanus; first extensive series of fairly accurate observations in Europe; rediscovered atmospheric refraction |
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| dissatisfaction with Ptolemaic models and why; Brief Commentary; On the Revolutions and his models [just general idea, not the details], finding the orbital periods and average distances [not formulas or diagrams, just ideas]; roles of Rheticus (Joachim) and Osiander, preface and title change, religious opposition; significance and misconceptions; approximate date |
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| Julian calendar replaced by Gregorian: different rule for leap year |
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| "new star" of 1572 and comet of 1577; observations from Uraniborg and Stjerneborg, innovations in instruments and techniques; treatment of refraction; Tychonic theory |
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| Cosmographic Mystery; New Astronomy and its significance; Epitome of Copernican Astronomy and Harmony of the World; laws of planetary motion; Rudolphine Tables; approximate date |
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| correspondence with Kepler (both times); Starry Messenger, discoveries with telescope, book's significance and controversies; Lincean; sunspots, Sun's rotation; Letter to Grand Duchess Christina and consequences; Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems, characters, theory of tides, and consequences; Discourses on Two New Sciences, inertia, mathematical physics |
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| experimental philosophy, inductive method; New Atlantis, organization of science; practical application of science |
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| critical doubt; deductive method and use of reason, Principles of Philosophy, plenum, vortices, theory of comets, infinite universe |
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| Accademia dei Lincei (Italy), Royal Society (England) and Robert Hooke, Academie des Sciences (France); publications |
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| "aerial" telescope; Saturn's rings and large satellite; centrifugal/centripetal force; pendulum clock |
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| G. D. Cassini = Cassini I |
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| first director Paris Observatory, 4 medium-sized satellites of Saturn, Cassini Division; (with Richer) geocentric parallax of Mars at opposition and astronomical unit |
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| lunar map; accurate positions without telescope, dispute with Hooke |
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| speed of light from eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, right ascension and declination at transit |
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| naked-eye instruments and uses |
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| armillary sphere (equatorial and zodiacal); astrolabe; mural quadrant; triquetrum (three-staff), hand-held quadrant (old and new); cross-staff; nocturnal; azimuthal quadrant; sextant (old and new); torquetrum |
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