Term
| Describe the scales of measurement and provide examples for each. |
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Definition
Nominal: Classifying by name based on characteristics (gender, marital status)
Ordinal: A measure of magnitude (low, average, high; ex: think scaling)
Interval: Numerical values are in equally-spaced intervals (degrees Fahrenheit, short to tall as measured in inches)
Ratio: All the properties of an Interval scale and has a meaningful zero (Age (can also be a nominal), height, weight) |
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Term
| What are the measures of central tendency? |
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Definition
- Mode: is the most frequent score in the distribution
- Median: where 50% of the scores are above and 50% of the scores are below.
Mean: is the arithmetic average of scores. It is the balance point of the distribution. |
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Term
| List and define the measures of variability (how the scores are spread/dispersed). |
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Definition
- Range provides information about the spread of the scores. Reported as the lowest score to the highest
- Variance (s): mean square deviation, How scores vary from the mean.2
- Standard deviation (s): the square root of variance. Measures the average distance of test scores from the mean.
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Term
| Be able to describe and draw a normal curve with descriptions of standard deviations |
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Definition
- 68% of scores fall between 1 SD below the mean and 1 SD above the mean.
- 95% of scores fall between 2 SD below the mean and 2 SD above the mean.
- 99.5% of scores fall between 3 SD below the mean and 3 SD above the mean.
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Term
| What's the difference between regression & correlation? |
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Definition
Regression is a tool for prediction and correlation tells us how the two variables are related (DIRECTION & STRENGTH)
The degree of accuracy of the prediction depends upon the strength of the correlation. |
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Term
| Be able to plot out z-score and t-score on normal distribution curve |
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Definition
t scores- have a fixed mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
z-scores- 0 is the mean and standard deviation of 1 |
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Term
| Why are norm groups important in norm references score interpretation? |
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Definition
| Because if the norm group isn't representative of the population, you can't make an accurate comparison |
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Term
| Define and explain the concept of measurement error & list some sources of measurement error |
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Definition
Error of measurement is defined as the difference between people’s observed score and the true score.
Error of measurement = observed score - true score
Sources: Time-sampling error, Content-sampling error, Inter-rater differences |
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Term
a) What is the standard error of measurement (SEM)?
b) And...how is the SEM different from the Standard Deviation? |
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Definition
a) It provides an estimate of the range of scores that would be obtained if someone were to take an instrument over and over again.
b) The SD is the measure of the spread of scores obtained by a GROUP OF TEST TAKERS on a SINGLE TEST and the SEM is the measure of the spread of scores obtained by a SINGLE INDIVIDUAL if the individual was tested MULTIPLE TIMES. |
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Term
| Describe the use of values inventories in career assessment. |
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Definition
| Values serve as a basis for which life goals are established, so by identifying them in the VI, individuals can make personally consistent & meaningful decisions about their future careers. |
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Term
| What are some Multi-cultural career models that can be used by school counselors? |
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Definition
SCCT
ecological
Ronfrenbreener
Hartung |
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Term
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Definition
During Jeopardy, Cassie said - "It's a stage in which an individual has mastered vocational tasks and where they feel comfortable in the role that they're in; not looking for any other opportunities for the time being."
When I looked it up online, a school counseling website had a link to a journal article that explained, "it's an individual's ability to make appropriate career choices, including awareness of what is required to make a career decision & the degree to which one's choices are both realistic and consistent over time." THIS ONE IS MORE CONSISTENT WITH WHAT'S IN THE BOOK...soooo...take your pick! |
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Term
| What is the most common inventory used in career assessment? |
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Definition
| Interest inventory - matches interests with career choices |
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Term
| Using the Holland's typology SDS, what are the 6 categories (RIASEC) |
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Definition
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional |
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Term
| What are the 6 stages of change? |
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Definition
Pre-Contemplation
Contemplation
Termination (or another name that's used is Preparation)
Action
Maintenance
Relapse |
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Term
| What's now surpassing Marijuana as the new gateway drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term for the Bio-Psycho-Social Model? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of symptoms would you ask about when assessing a problem? |
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Definition
Frequency
Intensity
Duration |
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Term
| What is the purpose of clinical assessment? |
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Definition
| It is the process that counselors use to gain information about a student in order to describe the student’s behavior, predict future behavior, or evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. You can also gather info to determine if you should provide an appropriate referral to a community agency |
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Term
| Describe the multi-axial system of diagnosis (What are the 5 axis?) |
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Definition
Axis I – Clinical Disorders: This is your primary diagnosis except PD or MR (found in Axis II). Typically, it can range from an adjustment disorder to a major mood disorder
Axis II- Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation
a. Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid and Schizotypal
b. Cluster B: Antisocial, BPD, Histrionic, Narcissistic
c. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and OCPD
Axis III: General Medical Conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V:Global Assessment of Functioning -GAF |
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Term
| Define and explain the importance of reliability. |
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Definition
1) Reliability is the consistency of a measurement when the testing procedure is repeated on a population of individuals or groups.
2) to what degree are test scores dependable, consistent and stable across items, different forms of the test and or repeated administration |
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Term
| List and describe the various methods of estimating reliability |
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Definition
Test-retest
Parallel Forms
Internal Consistency (either Split-half or Cronbach's alpha)
Inter-rater reliability |
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Term
- Define and explain validity and its importance to assessment.
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Definition
1) Validity concerns what an instrument measures and how well it does that task.
2) Validation of an instrument is a gradual accumulation of evidence that provides an indication of whether or not an instrument does indeed measure what it is intended to measure. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between reliability and validity? |
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Definition
1) Reliability is when the instrument consistently measures the same thing
2) Validity is measuring what you are supposed to measure
Reliability is a prerequisite to validity. If an instrument has too much unsystematic error, then the instrument cannot measure anything consistently.
Reliability is a necessary, but insufficient condition for validity
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Term
| What are the three sources of validity evidence? |
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Definition
Content - the content of the instrument must represent the content domain
Criterion - how well an instrument predicts a certain outcome
Construct - the extent to which an instrument measures a theoretical or hypothetical construct or trait |
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Term
| What is high stakes testing and what's CRITICAL to remember when something is high stakes? |
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Definition
It's testing in which the test results likely have a LARGE impact on the student* (such as directly affect a student's educational paths or choices)
*or school, or teacher
So, in high stakes...MUST use MULTIPLE SOURCES of information & MULTIPLE MEASURES |
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Term
| List and describe methods of collecting information in assessment. |
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Definition
1) Interviews
i. Formal: Structured or Semi-structured
ii. Informal: Unstructured or Semi-structured
2) Tests
i. Formal: Standardized tests and inventories
ii. Informal: Teacher or counselor-made tests; projective drawings
3) Observations
i. Formal: Event or duration recording
ii. Informal: Raw notes or Anecdotal records
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Term
| What are the 10 general domains of unstructured interviews? |
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Definition
1. Identifying info
2. presenting problem (and history of problem)
3. family history
4. relationship history
5. developmental history
6. educational history
7. employment history
8. medical history
9. Previous psychiatric or counseling experience
10. Counselor's RECOMMENDATIONS |
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Term
| What is the difference between testing and assessment? |
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Definition
| Assessment is the entirety of collecting information and creating an entire picture of the client that can be used to make inferences about the character of that person; while testing is just ONE method of assessment in which an instrument is designed to measure specific attributes about a person |
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Term
A) What is observation?
B) What's the difference between formal & informal strategies in observations?
C) What's the difference between direct & indirect observations?
D) What are the types of records counselor's can make of observations? |
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Definition
A) A part of assessment in which you monitor the actions of others or yourself in a particular context & make record of what is observed
B) Counselors can use either FORMAL assessment instruments (e.g., standardized rating scales) or INFORMAL strategies (e.g., raw notes) to conduct observations.
C) PSC's can use DIRECT observation (firsthand account of actual behavior as it occurs) OR INDIRECT (rely on reported observed behavior by others).
D) PSC's can use event recording, duration recording, time sampling, rating scales, or anectdotal records to record observations. |
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