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ASP
Note cards from ASP
117
Music
Undergraduate 4
08/25/2011

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Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 PRIMARY FACTORS DETERMINING POWER LOSS IN SPEAKER
CABLE RUNS?
Definition
Length
Load
Gage
Term
NAME 3 ELEMENTS THAT HAVE THE GREATEST EFFECT ON SYSTEM DESIGN?
Definition
Operator
System
Room
Term
NAME 3 TYPES OF SPEECH INTELIGIBILITY MEASUREMENTS?
Definition
%Alcons
Speech Transmission Index
Clarity Ratio
Term
WHAT IS THE NAME USED TO DECRIBE UNITS OF ABSORBTION?
Definition
Sabine
Term
DEFINE CRITICAL DISTANCE.
Definition
The distance from the source where the reverberant and direct sound field are equal in level
Term
HOW DOES A TEMPERATURE LAPSE AFFECT SOUND?
Definition
During the day, the air temperature is warm close to the ground. This temperature decreases as you increase height. The sound bends toward the sky.
Term
HOW DOES A TEMPERATURE INVERSION AFFECT SOUND?
Definition
During the night, the air temperature is lower closest to the ground and increase with height. The sound bends toward the ground.
Term
WHAT 2 ELEMENTS ARE AFFECTED BY WIND WHEN DOING OUTDOOR SHOWS?
Definition
Sound upwind is refracted and attenuated
Sound downwind propagates consistently with it's speed and frequency slightly altered
Term
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF A “PHON”?
Definition
The phon allows us to account for the frequency dependent nature of the human hearing
Term
WHAT IS PURPOSE OF “A WEIGHTING” ON AN SPL METER?
Definition
This contour is designed to approximate the ear at the 40phon level. This weighting is used to measure ambient sound levels.
Term
WHAT IS PURPOSE OF “Z WEIGHTING” ON AN SPL METER?
Definition
Is Flat.... "Robot Weight"
Term
WHAT IS PURPOSE OF “C WEIGHTING” ON AN SPL METER?
Definition
This contour approximates the ear's response at very high sound levels.
Often used to measure traffic noise
Term
WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED SPL METER WEIGHTING AND RESPONSE TIME? WHY?
Definition
A weighted slow - correlates with most standard exposure limitation charts.
A weighted slow - also recommended because it focuses attention on the frequencies that sound the loudest and are vital for communication.
Term
NAME SOME COMMONLY USED SPEAKER CABLE CONNECTORS USED BY
PROFESSIONAL SOUND COMPANIES (MANUFACTURER AND MODEL).
Definition
NL-4/NL - 8
EP/AP 4,6,8
Power - NEMA 4-pin
Term
WHAT DOES THE 5% RULE STATE?
Definition
Cable resistance should never exceed 5% of load resistance.
Term
WHAT IS “DAMPING FACTOR”?
Definition
Damping factor is a numerical indication of how well an amplifier can "control" a loudspeaker's cone motion
Term
LIVE AUDIO SYSTEMS ARE OPTIMIZED FOR...
Definition
Voltage transfer
Term
PROGRAM SOURCES VARY IN _________, ____________ AND ______________.
Definition
Voltage
Impedance
Topology
Term
NAME THE 3 TYPES OF PROGRAM SOURCES.
Definition
Microphones
Instruments
Playback
Term
WHAT IS A MIXER’S MAIN JOB WITH REGARD TO PROGRAM SOURCES?
Definition
To scale mic level signals to line level (+4dBu)
Term
WHAT ARE 3 MAIN TYPES OF SIGNAL PROCESSING?
Definition
Filtering
Delay
Dynamics
Term
WHERE DO WE USE “MATCHED” OR “TERMINATED” INTERFACE?
Definition
Wireless antenna systems
Video systems
Term
IN A ___________ AUDIO CIRCUIT, IT IS BENEFICIAL TO HAVE THE LOAD IMPEDANCE
__ TIMES THE SOURCE IMPEDANCE TO INSURE EFFICIENT ________TRANSFER FROM
DEVICE TO DEVICE.
Definition
bridged
10x
voltage
Term
WHY CAN’T WE “Y” 2 OUTPUTS TO AN INPUT?
Definition
Outputs will both try to drive each other's low impedance causing high current to develop
Outputs are low impedance and meant to drive the higher impedance of the input
Term
LOUDNESS AND POWER RELATE TO THE ___ OF THE SIGNAL.
Definition
RMS
Term
HARMONIC DISTORTION IS CAUSED BY _________.
Definition
Clipping
Term
WHY IS MONITORING THE PEAKS OF SIGNAL IMPORTANT?
Definition
Helps avoid distortion
Term
WHY IS MONITORING THE RMS OF SIGNAL IMPORTANT?
Definition
Helps avoid loudspeaker damage
Term
DEFINE INTEGRATION TIME.
Definition
The time it takes for a meter to respond to a signal aka Meter Ballistics
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A “QUASI-PPM AND A TPPM?
Definition
A quasi-PPM has a 5-10ms integration time
A quasi-PPM will often read 8-10 dB lower than a TPPM
A true PPM (TPPM) has instant ballistics that read out any short term peaks.
Term
WHAT IS THE MAIN DRAWBACK OF USING A PPM?
Definition
A PPM cannot monitor loudness or RMS
Term
0 DBFS CAN BE REFERENCED TO A ________ OR A ________ WAVE.
Definition
Square
Sine
Term
WHEN WOULD A TRUE PEAK PROGRAM METER BE USEFUL?
Definition
When recording to avoid short term peaks that would cause unwanted harmonic distortion
Term
WHAT IS THE RESPONSE OR INTEGRATION TIME OF A VU METER?
Definition
300ms
Term
HOW MANY VOLTS DOES 0VU EQUAL?
Definition
1.23V
Term
WHAT IS CREST FACTOR?
Definition
The difference between peak and average signal
Crest factor in dB=10log(peak/average)
Term
WHAT IS THE CREST FACTOR OF A SINE WAVE?
Definition
3dB
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AES PINK NOISE AND TRADITIONAL PINK
NOISE?
Definition
AES pink is filtered so that it has 6dBCF and traditional pink noise has a crest factor of 10dB
Term
WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE?
Definition
Peak level -> Noise floor
Term
WHAT IS THERMAL NOISE?
Definition
The result of atoms bumping into each other
Electronic noise
Term
WHY ARE WE FORCED TO DEAL WITH SYSTEM GAIN STRUCTURE?
Definition
There is no standard noise floor level
There is no standard peak input/output level
Term
HOW MANY VOLTS DOES 0 dBu EQUAL?
Definition
.775V
Term
WHAT DEVICES ARE USED TO ADJUST ATTENUATION WHEN SETTING A SYSTEM’S GAIN
STRUCTURE?
Definition
External pads
Onboard input/output controls provided they are "before" the preamp
Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A SYSTEM LIMITER?
Definition
To act as an early warning device that allows you to take measures to protect the system
"Canary in a coal mine"
Term
WHAT RATIO SETTING IS BEST FOR A SYSTEM LIMITER?
Definition
8:1 or greater
Term
WHEN USING AN OSCILLOSCOPE TO FIND CLIP POINTS, HOW DO YOU CONNECT THE LEADS
OF THE SCOPE TO THE DEVICE UNDER TEST?
Definition
Tie low (pin 3) to ground (pin 1)
This allows you to read accurate voltage
Term
BEFORE PHYSICALLY SETTING GAIN STRUCTURE, WHY DO YOU FIRST RUN SIGNAL THROUGH THE SYSTEM?
Definition
To check the integrity of the system
Term
WHY WOULD WE ZERO OUT AN EQ BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO SET GAIN STRUCTURE?
Definition
Any cuts or boosts will affect the EQ output during calibration
Log the existing curve before zeroing to prevent possible hurt feelings
Term
WHAT IS AMPLIFIER INPUT SENSITIVITY?
Definition
The amount of voltage required at an amplifier's input to produce full rated output
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP A RADIO WAVE?
Definition
Magnetic Field (H Field)
Electric Field (E Field) - determines polorization
Term
WHAT IS A CARRIER WAVE?
Definition
Base unmodulated frequency the TX and RX remain locked to
Term
NAME TWO TYPES OF MODULATION?
Definition
Frequency
Amplitude
Term
WHAT TYPE OF MODULATION IS USED FOR WIRELESS MICROPHONE AND INEAR
–MONITOR SYSTEMS? WHY?
Definition
Frequency modulation has a wider frequency response ( 50-16khz) and better dynamic range (90+dB)
Term
WHAT TWO TYPES OF AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING ARE USED IN TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING? WHY?
Definition
Pre/post emphasis eq
Companding
Term
WHAT DOES TRUE DIVERSITY MEAN?
Definition
The ability to sample the radio field 2 or more locations and/or the ability to select/combine the resulting signal
Term
WHAT DIVERSITY DESIGN IS MOST COMMON?
Definition
Receiver switching diversity
Term
WHAT IS THE MINIMUM SIZE FOR A TRANSMITTING OR RECEIVING ANTENNA?
Definition
1/4 the size of the wavelength you are transmitting or receiving
Term
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO MAINTAIN MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY BETWEEN A
TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNA?
Definition
Line of sight between TX and RX
Term
NAME 4 TYPES OF COMMONLY USED ANTENNA DESIGNS.
Definition
Ground Plane
Whip
Yagi
Helical
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ANTENNA DISTRIBUTION AND WHEN WOULD
WE USE THEM?
Definition
Passive (up to 2)
Active (more than 2)
Term
WHAT CAUSES “DROP OUT”, “NOISE UP” AND “HITS”?
Definition
Obstructions
Dead or dying batteries
Multi-path effects
Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SQUELCH CIRCUIT?
Definition
To mute the audio output of the receiver when RF signal level falls below a set threshold
Term
WHICH FREQUENCY BAND HAS its TRANSMITTER POWER LIMITER TO 50mW?
Definition
VHF
30 to 300mhz
Term
WHICH FREQUENCY BAND HAS its TRANSMITTER POWER LIMITER TO 250mW?
Definition
UHF
300 to 3Ghz
Term
WHICH FREQUENCY BAND ILEGAL TO USE AS OF JUNE 2010?
Definition
UHF - TV channel 37
Term
NAME SOME UNIQUE BENEFITS EAR MONITOR SYSTEMS PROVIDE.
Definition
Mobility
Safer On Ears
Stage Site Lines
Term
GIVE SOME APPLICATION EXAMPLES FOR AN IN EAR MONITOR SYSTEM.
Definition
Theater
Broadcast
Live Performance
Studio Monitoring
Term
A BASIC WIRELESS IN EAR MONITOR SYSTEM CONSIST OF:
Definition
Console
Multi-band Peak Limiter/Processor
Transmitter
Receiver
Ear Molds
Term
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO DRIVE AN IN EAR MONITOR SYSTEM TRANSMITTER
PROPERLY?
Definition
If the input is too low, you will have to operate the receiver volume at too high a level leading to excessive noise
If the input is too high, you will cause overmodulation distortion. There is also a danger of bleed into adjacent radio channels
Term
WHY IS A PEAK LIMITER NECESSARY AT THE TRANSMITTER INPUT?
Definition
To prevent hearing damage due to a level spike or feedback loop
To enhance the mix
Term
WHAT BAND POSITIONS TYPICALLY USE A HARDWIRED IN EAR MIX AS
OPPOSED TO A WIRLESS ONE
Definition
Stationary Performers
Term
WHAT IS THE FIRST THING YOU NEED TO DO TO OBTAIN CUSTOM EAR MOLDS?
Definition
Go to a hearing aid center or an audiologist and have impressions taken of your ears
Term
HOW DOES AN AMBIENT MICROPHONE FED INTO A MUSICIAN'S IN EAR MONITOR MIX HELP THE MUSICIAN?
Definition
It helps the musicians hear crowd response
Helps with localization when using isolating
Allows communication on stage
Term
EXPLAIN WHY A MONITOR WEDGE WOULD BE USED IN COMBINATION WITH AN IN-EAR MIX.
Definition
Low End Supplement
Term
WHAT IS MULTI-BAND LIMITING?
Definition
Multi Band Limiters allow separate limiter control over multiple frequency bands
Term
NAME SOME TECHNIQUES (BESIDES A WEDGE) USED TO ENHANCE THE LOW END OF AN IN EAR MIX.
Definition
Bass "Shaker"
Side Fill Subs
Term
WHAT ADVANTAGE DOES THE FOCAL POINT OF AN ARRAY OFFER?
Definition
It helps us determine accurate splay angles
Point at which a listener in the "far field" perceives the sound originating
Term
HOW DOES THE TRAPEZOID SHAPE HELP IN FORMING ARRAYS?
Definition
Helps achieve a higher array density
Helps mechanically align multiple speakers
Term
HOW DOES THE TRAPEZOID SHAPE HELP IN FORMING ARRAYS?
Definition
Helps achieve a higher array density
Helps mechanically align multiple speakers
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO PRIMARY FACTORS THAT AFFECT ARRAY PERFORMANCE?
Definition
Coverage angle of an individual speaker
Splay angle between adjacent angles
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC WAYS TO ADJUST THE COVERAGE ANGLE OF A POINT SOURCE ARRAY?
Definition
Electronically (amplitude tapering)
Mechanically
Term
WHAT ARE 4 BASIC TYPES OF POINT SOURCE ARRAYS?
Definition
Electronically (amplitude tapering)
Mechanically
Term
WHAT ARE 4 BASIC TYPES OF POINT SOURCE ARRAYS?
Definition
Point source wide (splayed)
Point source narrow (tight)
Point destination (split xfire)
Exploded (split point source)
Term
WHAT TYPE OF ARRAY IS RECOMMENDED FOR FRONTFILL APPLICATIONS?
Definition
Split parallel
Flown center cluster
Onstage fill
Term
WHAT POINT SHOULD FRONTFILL SPEAKERS OVERLAP?
Definition
6dB down point (2k) at the first row of listeners
Term
WHY ARE DELAY FILLS USED?
Definition
Outdoors: To overcome the natural attenuation of high frequencies by the air
Indoors: To increase the direct to reverberant sound ratio
Term
WHAT IS A FICTICIOUS SOURCE?
Definition
A point used for the time reference of the system
All speaker systems are delayed to this point
Term
NAME SOME IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING DELAY TOWERS.
Definition
Maintain the same axis as the mains
Many small zones are more effective than 1 big one
Make them transparent to the mains
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN LEVEL BETWEEN HALF SPACE AND ¼ SPACE?
Definition
10LOG4 - 10LOG2 = 3dB
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DIRECTIVITY FACTOR AND A DIRECTIVITY INDEX?
Definition
Factor is beam width expressed as "Q"
Index is the increase in sound pressure level on axis due to confinement
Term
WHAT IS SO IMPORTANT ABOUT A HORN’S CUT OFF FREQUENCY?
Definition
The lowest frequency a horn can safely produce and maintain acoustic loading
Term
EXPLAIN THE PROPER POWER UP AND POWER DOWN SEQUENCE FOR A
PRO AUDIO SYSTEM.
Definition
Turn amps on last
Turn amps off first
Digital consoles: Racks before console
Term
NAME 3 METHODS USED TO TEST A LOUDSPEAKER DRIVER.
Definition
Sine wave sweep station
Multimeter signal generator
Battery (CONE DRIVER ONLY)
Term
NAME THE TWO MODES USED WITH A DMM WHEN TESTING LOUDSPEAKERS
Definition
Continuity
Ohms
Term
NAME 3 BENEFITS OF USING FERROFLUID.
Definition
Heat dissipation
Coil centering in gap
Damping
Term
NAME 3 TYPES OF MATERIAL USED TO MAKE COMPRESSION DRIVER DIAPHRAGMS.
Definition
Aluminum
Beryllium
Titanium
Term
NAME 2 BENEFITS OF ADOPTING A THOROUGH LABLING SCHEME FOR YOU AUDIO SYSTEM.
Definition
Detect bad amplifiers
Show stage hands how to hook up PA
Term
NETWORKS ARE CLASSIFIED USING TWO PROPERTIES, NAME THEM.
Definition
Physical
Logical
Term
NAME THE THREE COMMON NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Definition
The ring
The Star
The Bus
Term
WHAT WOULD THE NUMBER 137 LOOK LIKE IN BINARY?
Definition
10001001
Term
WHAT IS THE BASE 10 NUMBER 137 IN HEXADECIMAL NOTATION?
Definition
8A
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASEBAND AND BROADBAND TRANSMISSION?
Definition
Base band sends binary values directly as pulses of voltage or current.
A broadband transmission is an analog communication strategy in which multiple channels are used simultaneously.
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE ENDED AND DIFFERENTIAL?
Definition
Differential is to balanced as Single ended is to Unbalanced.

Single Ended - All data lines share one ground.
Term
WHAT IS ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION?
Definition
A communication strategy that uses a start and stop bit to indicate the beginning and end of a transmission rather than using a constant timing sequence as in synchronous transmission.
Term
WHAT IS SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION?
Definition
A communications strategy that uses timing to control transmission.
Term
WHAT IS ISOCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION?
Definition
An isochronous transmission is one whose operation is dependent on constant time intervals.
Term
WHAT IS COBRANET TECHNOLOGY?
Definition
Cobranet is a combination of hardware, network protocol, and firmware...that allows us to send digital audio in real time over Ethernet. (64 channels, 48K)
Term
WHAT IS THE JOB OF A “CONDUCTOR” IN A NETWORK USING COBRANET ?
Definition
The "Time Keeper"
Term
WHAT DOES “10/100BASE T” TELL YOU ABOUT A NETWORK?
Definition
Speed
Signal Type
Cable Type
Term
WHAT IS DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT?
Definition
Refers to any devices that produces or consumes data on a network
Term
GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF DATA COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT.
Definition
NICS
HUBS
Term
WHAT IS A PROTOCOL?
Definition
A protocol specifies a common set of rules and signals the devices on the network use to communicate.
Term
WHAT 3 THINGS DOES OSI ALLOW US TO DO CONCERNING PROTOCOLS?
Definition
Provides a common way to analyze protocols
Allows one to compare protocols
Helps one troubleshoot network problems
Term
WHAT IS A MAC ADDRESS?
Definition
Used to identify a node on a network
Term
WHAT LAYER OF OSI DOES AN IP ADDRESS OPERATE?
Definition
Layer 3
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO WAYS AN IP ADDRESS CAN BE ASSIGNED TO A NODE ON A NETWORK?
Definition
Static
Dynamic
Term
WHICH OSI LAYER HANDLES PORT ACCESS?
Definition
Layer 4 (application specific)
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