Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 PRIMARY FACTORS DETERMINING POWER LOSS IN SPEAKER
CABLE RUNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME 3 ELEMENTS THAT HAVE THE GREATEST EFFECT ON SYSTEM DESIGN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME 3 TYPES OF SPEECH INTELIGIBILITY MEASUREMENTS? |
|
Definition
%Alcons
Speech Transmission Index
Clarity Ratio |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE NAME USED TO DECRIBE UNITS OF ABSORBTION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DEFINE CRITICAL DISTANCE. |
|
Definition
| The distance from the source where the reverberant and direct sound field are equal in level |
|
|
Term
| HOW DOES A TEMPERATURE LAPSE AFFECT SOUND? |
|
Definition
| During the day, the air temperature is warm close to the ground. This temperature decreases as you increase height. The sound bends toward the sky. |
|
|
Term
| HOW DOES A TEMPERATURE INVERSION AFFECT SOUND? |
|
Definition
| During the night, the air temperature is lower closest to the ground and increase with height. The sound bends toward the ground. |
|
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Term
| WHAT 2 ELEMENTS ARE AFFECTED BY WIND WHEN DOING OUTDOOR SHOWS? |
|
Definition
Sound upwind is refracted and attenuated
Sound downwind propagates consistently with it's speed and frequency slightly altered |
|
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Term
| WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF A “PHON”? |
|
Definition
| The phon allows us to account for the frequency dependent nature of the human hearing |
|
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Term
| WHAT IS PURPOSE OF “A WEIGHTING” ON AN SPL METER? |
|
Definition
| This contour is designed to approximate the ear at the 40phon level. This weighting is used to measure ambient sound levels. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS PURPOSE OF “Z WEIGHTING” ON AN SPL METER? |
|
Definition
| Is Flat.... "Robot Weight" |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS PURPOSE OF “C WEIGHTING” ON AN SPL METER? |
|
Definition
This contour approximates the ear's response at very high sound levels.
Often used to measure traffic noise |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED SPL METER WEIGHTING AND RESPONSE TIME? WHY? |
|
Definition
A weighted slow - correlates with most standard exposure limitation charts.
A weighted slow - also recommended because it focuses attention on the frequencies that sound the loudest and are vital for communication. |
|
|
Term
NAME SOME COMMONLY USED SPEAKER CABLE CONNECTORS USED BY
PROFESSIONAL SOUND COMPANIES (MANUFACTURER AND MODEL). |
|
Definition
NL-4/NL - 8
EP/AP 4,6,8
Power - NEMA 4-pin |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE 5% RULE STATE? |
|
Definition
| Cable resistance should never exceed 5% of load resistance. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS “DAMPING FACTOR”? |
|
Definition
| Damping factor is a numerical indication of how well an amplifier can "control" a loudspeaker's cone motion |
|
|
Term
| LIVE AUDIO SYSTEMS ARE OPTIMIZED FOR... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PROGRAM SOURCES VARY IN _________, ____________ AND ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME THE 3 TYPES OF PROGRAM SOURCES. |
|
Definition
Microphones
Instruments
Playback |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS A MIXER’S MAIN JOB WITH REGARD TO PROGRAM SOURCES? |
|
Definition
| To scale mic level signals to line level (+4dBu) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE 3 MAIN TYPES OF SIGNAL PROCESSING? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE DO WE USE “MATCHED” OR “TERMINATED” INTERFACE? |
|
Definition
Wireless antenna systems
Video systems |
|
|
Term
IN A ___________ AUDIO CIRCUIT, IT IS BENEFICIAL TO HAVE THE LOAD IMPEDANCE
__ TIMES THE SOURCE IMPEDANCE TO INSURE EFFICIENT ________TRANSFER FROM
DEVICE TO DEVICE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHY CAN’T WE “Y” 2 OUTPUTS TO AN INPUT? |
|
Definition
Outputs will both try to drive each other's low impedance causing high current to develop
Outputs are low impedance and meant to drive the higher impedance of the input |
|
|
Term
| LOUDNESS AND POWER RELATE TO THE ___ OF THE SIGNAL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HARMONIC DISTORTION IS CAUSED BY _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHY IS MONITORING THE PEAKS OF SIGNAL IMPORTANT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHY IS MONITORING THE RMS OF SIGNAL IMPORTANT? |
|
Definition
| Helps avoid loudspeaker damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time it takes for a meter to respond to a signal aka Meter Ballistics |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A “QUASI-PPM AND A TPPM? |
|
Definition
A quasi-PPM has a 5-10ms integration time
A quasi-PPM will often read 8-10 dB lower than a TPPM
A true PPM (TPPM) has instant ballistics that read out any short term peaks. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MAIN DRAWBACK OF USING A PPM? |
|
Definition
| A PPM cannot monitor loudness or RMS |
|
|
Term
| 0 DBFS CAN BE REFERENCED TO A ________ OR A ________ WAVE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHEN WOULD A TRUE PEAK PROGRAM METER BE USEFUL? |
|
Definition
| When recording to avoid short term peaks that would cause unwanted harmonic distortion |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RESPONSE OR INTEGRATION TIME OF A VU METER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOW MANY VOLTS DOES 0VU EQUAL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The difference between peak and average signal
Crest factor in dB=10log(peak/average) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE CREST FACTOR OF A SINE WAVE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AES PINK NOISE AND TRADITIONAL PINK
NOISE? |
|
Definition
| AES pink is filtered so that it has 6dBCF and traditional pink noise has a crest factor of 10dB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peak level -> Noise floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The result of atoms bumping into each other
Electronic noise |
|
|
Term
| WHY ARE WE FORCED TO DEAL WITH SYSTEM GAIN STRUCTURE? |
|
Definition
There is no standard noise floor level
There is no standard peak input/output level |
|
|
Term
| HOW MANY VOLTS DOES 0 dBu EQUAL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT DEVICES ARE USED TO ADJUST ATTENUATION WHEN SETTING A SYSTEM’S GAIN
STRUCTURE? |
|
Definition
External pads
Onboard input/output controls provided they are "before" the preamp |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A SYSTEM LIMITER? |
|
Definition
To act as an early warning device that allows you to take measures to protect the system
"Canary in a coal mine" |
|
|
Term
| WHAT RATIO SETTING IS BEST FOR A SYSTEM LIMITER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHEN USING AN OSCILLOSCOPE TO FIND CLIP POINTS, HOW DO YOU CONNECT THE LEADS
OF THE SCOPE TO THE DEVICE UNDER TEST? |
|
Definition
Tie low (pin 3) to ground (pin 1)
This allows you to read accurate voltage |
|
|
Term
| BEFORE PHYSICALLY SETTING GAIN STRUCTURE, WHY DO YOU FIRST RUN SIGNAL THROUGH THE SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
| To check the integrity of the system |
|
|
Term
| WHY WOULD WE ZERO OUT AN EQ BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO SET GAIN STRUCTURE? |
|
Definition
Any cuts or boosts will affect the EQ output during calibration
Log the existing curve before zeroing to prevent possible hurt feelings |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS AMPLIFIER INPUT SENSITIVITY? |
|
Definition
| The amount of voltage required at an amplifier's input to produce full rated output |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE TWO COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP A RADIO WAVE? |
|
Definition
Magnetic Field (H Field)
Electric Field (E Field) - determines polorization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Base unmodulated frequency the TX and RX remain locked to |
|
|
Term
| NAME TWO TYPES OF MODULATION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF MODULATION IS USED FOR WIRELESS MICROPHONE AND INEAR
–MONITOR SYSTEMS? WHY? |
|
Definition
| Frequency modulation has a wider frequency response ( 50-16khz) and better dynamic range (90+dB) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT TWO TYPES OF AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING ARE USED IN TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING? WHY? |
|
Definition
Pre/post emphasis eq
Companding |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES TRUE DIVERSITY MEAN? |
|
Definition
| The ability to sample the radio field 2 or more locations and/or the ability to select/combine the resulting signal |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DIVERSITY DESIGN IS MOST COMMON? |
|
Definition
| Receiver switching diversity |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MINIMUM SIZE FOR A TRANSMITTING OR RECEIVING ANTENNA? |
|
Definition
| 1/4 the size of the wavelength you are transmitting or receiving |
|
|
Term
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO MAINTAIN MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY BETWEEN A
TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNA? |
|
Definition
| Line of sight between TX and RX |
|
|
Term
| NAME 4 TYPES OF COMMONLY USED ANTENNA DESIGNS. |
|
Definition
Ground Plane
Whip
Yagi
Helical |
|
|
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ANTENNA DISTRIBUTION AND WHEN WOULD
WE USE THEM? |
|
Definition
Passive (up to 2)
Active (more than 2) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT CAUSES “DROP OUT”, “NOISE UP” AND “HITS”? |
|
Definition
Obstructions
Dead or dying batteries
Multi-path effects |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SQUELCH CIRCUIT? |
|
Definition
| To mute the audio output of the receiver when RF signal level falls below a set threshold |
|
|
Term
| WHICH FREQUENCY BAND HAS its TRANSMITTER POWER LIMITER TO 50mW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHICH FREQUENCY BAND HAS its TRANSMITTER POWER LIMITER TO 250mW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHICH FREQUENCY BAND ILEGAL TO USE AS OF JUNE 2010? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME SOME UNIQUE BENEFITS EAR MONITOR SYSTEMS PROVIDE. |
|
Definition
Mobility
Safer On Ears
Stage Site Lines |
|
|
Term
| GIVE SOME APPLICATION EXAMPLES FOR AN IN EAR MONITOR SYSTEM. |
|
Definition
Theater
Broadcast
Live Performance
Studio Monitoring |
|
|
Term
| A BASIC WIRELESS IN EAR MONITOR SYSTEM CONSIST OF: |
|
Definition
Console
Multi-band Peak Limiter/Processor
Transmitter
Receiver
Ear Molds |
|
|
Term
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO DRIVE AN IN EAR MONITOR SYSTEM TRANSMITTER
PROPERLY? |
|
Definition
If the input is too low, you will have to operate the receiver volume at too high a level leading to excessive noise
If the input is too high, you will cause overmodulation distortion. There is also a danger of bleed into adjacent radio channels |
|
|
Term
| WHY IS A PEAK LIMITER NECESSARY AT THE TRANSMITTER INPUT? |
|
Definition
To prevent hearing damage due to a level spike or feedback loop
To enhance the mix |
|
|
Term
WHAT BAND POSITIONS TYPICALLY USE A HARDWIRED IN EAR MIX AS
OPPOSED TO A WIRLESS ONE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE FIRST THING YOU NEED TO DO TO OBTAIN CUSTOM EAR MOLDS? |
|
Definition
| Go to a hearing aid center or an audiologist and have impressions taken of your ears |
|
|
Term
| HOW DOES AN AMBIENT MICROPHONE FED INTO A MUSICIAN'S IN EAR MONITOR MIX HELP THE MUSICIAN? |
|
Definition
It helps the musicians hear crowd response
Helps with localization when using isolating
Allows communication on stage |
|
|
Term
| EXPLAIN WHY A MONITOR WEDGE WOULD BE USED IN COMBINATION WITH AN IN-EAR MIX. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS MULTI-BAND LIMITING? |
|
Definition
| Multi Band Limiters allow separate limiter control over multiple frequency bands |
|
|
Term
| NAME SOME TECHNIQUES (BESIDES A WEDGE) USED TO ENHANCE THE LOW END OF AN IN EAR MIX. |
|
Definition
Bass "Shaker"
Side Fill Subs |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ADVANTAGE DOES THE FOCAL POINT OF AN ARRAY OFFER? |
|
Definition
It helps us determine accurate splay angles
Point at which a listener in the "far field" perceives the sound originating |
|
|
Term
| HOW DOES THE TRAPEZOID SHAPE HELP IN FORMING ARRAYS? |
|
Definition
Helps achieve a higher array density
Helps mechanically align multiple speakers |
|
|
Term
| HOW DOES THE TRAPEZOID SHAPE HELP IN FORMING ARRAYS? |
|
Definition
Helps achieve a higher array density
Helps mechanically align multiple speakers |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE TWO PRIMARY FACTORS THAT AFFECT ARRAY PERFORMANCE? |
|
Definition
Coverage angle of an individual speaker
Splay angle between adjacent angles |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC WAYS TO ADJUST THE COVERAGE ANGLE OF A POINT SOURCE ARRAY? |
|
Definition
Electronically (amplitude tapering)
Mechanically |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE 4 BASIC TYPES OF POINT SOURCE ARRAYS? |
|
Definition
Electronically (amplitude tapering)
Mechanically |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE 4 BASIC TYPES OF POINT SOURCE ARRAYS? |
|
Definition
Point source wide (splayed)
Point source narrow (tight)
Point destination (split xfire)
Exploded (split point source) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT TYPE OF ARRAY IS RECOMMENDED FOR FRONTFILL APPLICATIONS? |
|
Definition
Split parallel
Flown center cluster
Onstage fill |
|
|
Term
| WHAT POINT SHOULD FRONTFILL SPEAKERS OVERLAP? |
|
Definition
| 6dB down point (2k) at the first row of listeners |
|
|
Term
| WHY ARE DELAY FILLS USED? |
|
Definition
Outdoors: To overcome the natural attenuation of high frequencies by the air
Indoors: To increase the direct to reverberant sound ratio |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS A FICTICIOUS SOURCE? |
|
Definition
A point used for the time reference of the system
All speaker systems are delayed to this point |
|
|
Term
| NAME SOME IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING DELAY TOWERS. |
|
Definition
Maintain the same axis as the mains
Many small zones are more effective than 1 big one
Make them transparent to the mains |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN LEVEL BETWEEN HALF SPACE AND ¼ SPACE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DIRECTIVITY FACTOR AND A DIRECTIVITY INDEX? |
|
Definition
Factor is beam width expressed as "Q"
Index is the increase in sound pressure level on axis due to confinement |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS SO IMPORTANT ABOUT A HORN’S CUT OFF FREQUENCY? |
|
Definition
| The lowest frequency a horn can safely produce and maintain acoustic loading |
|
|
Term
EXPLAIN THE PROPER POWER UP AND POWER DOWN SEQUENCE FOR A
PRO AUDIO SYSTEM. |
|
Definition
Turn amps on last
Turn amps off first
Digital consoles: Racks before console |
|
|
Term
| NAME 3 METHODS USED TO TEST A LOUDSPEAKER DRIVER. |
|
Definition
Sine wave sweep station
Multimeter signal generator
Battery (CONE DRIVER ONLY) |
|
|
Term
| NAME THE TWO MODES USED WITH A DMM WHEN TESTING LOUDSPEAKERS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME 3 BENEFITS OF USING FERROFLUID. |
|
Definition
Heat dissipation
Coil centering in gap
Damping |
|
|
Term
| NAME 3 TYPES OF MATERIAL USED TO MAKE COMPRESSION DRIVER DIAPHRAGMS. |
|
Definition
Aluminum
Beryllium
Titanium |
|
|
Term
| NAME 2 BENEFITS OF ADOPTING A THOROUGH LABLING SCHEME FOR YOU AUDIO SYSTEM. |
|
Definition
Detect bad amplifiers
Show stage hands how to hook up PA |
|
|
Term
| NETWORKS ARE CLASSIFIED USING TWO PROPERTIES, NAME THEM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME THE THREE COMMON NETWORK TOPOLOGIES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT WOULD THE NUMBER 137 LOOK LIKE IN BINARY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE BASE 10 NUMBER 137 IN HEXADECIMAL NOTATION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASEBAND AND BROADBAND TRANSMISSION? |
|
Definition
Base band sends binary values directly as pulses of voltage or current.
A broadband transmission is an analog communication strategy in which multiple channels are used simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE ENDED AND DIFFERENTIAL? |
|
Definition
Differential is to balanced as Single ended is to Unbalanced.
Single Ended - All data lines share one ground. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION? |
|
Definition
| A communication strategy that uses a start and stop bit to indicate the beginning and end of a transmission rather than using a constant timing sequence as in synchronous transmission. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION? |
|
Definition
| A communications strategy that uses timing to control transmission. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS ISOCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION? |
|
Definition
| An isochronous transmission is one whose operation is dependent on constant time intervals. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS COBRANET TECHNOLOGY? |
|
Definition
| Cobranet is a combination of hardware, network protocol, and firmware...that allows us to send digital audio in real time over Ethernet. (64 channels, 48K) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE JOB OF A “CONDUCTOR” IN A NETWORK USING COBRANET ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES “10/100BASE T” TELL YOU ABOUT A NETWORK? |
|
Definition
Speed
Signal Type
Cable Type |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT? |
|
Definition
| Refers to any devices that produces or consumes data on a network |
|
|
Term
| GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF DATA COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protocol specifies a common set of rules and signals the devices on the network use to communicate. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 3 THINGS DOES OSI ALLOW US TO DO CONCERNING PROTOCOLS? |
|
Definition
Provides a common way to analyze protocols
Allows one to compare protocols
Helps one troubleshoot network problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to identify a node on a network |
|
|
Term
| WHAT LAYER OF OSI DOES AN IP ADDRESS OPERATE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE TWO WAYS AN IP ADDRESS CAN BE ASSIGNED TO A NODE ON A NETWORK? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHICH OSI LAYER HANDLES PORT ACCESS? |
|
Definition
| Layer 4 (application specific) |
|
|
