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| Characteristics of a Myth |
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Definition
Timeless
Imaginary
Believed to be true |
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-Provide explanations for inexplicable phenomena
-Provide justifications for existing traditions and cultures
-Provide culture independent as well as culture specific definitions of good and evil
-Rich source of materials for the arts
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Approaches to the study of mythology
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Universalistic approach
-Oriented toward discovering universal/common patterns in diverse mythology
Socio-anthropological approach
-Aims at tracing culture-specific social and religious patterns
Structural Approach
-Intended for uncovering the underlying linguistic code or structure of mythologies
Theological Approach
-Treats mythology as a system of beliefs
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| Indus Valley civilization was discovered when, where and by who? |
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Definition
| Discovered in the early 20th century by Sir John Marshal, he found Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa |
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39 X 23 feet, 8 feet deep with a well designed system of drains, it was used in religious rituals in which priests bathed in it to purify themselves |
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| Important characteristics of the Indus valley city |
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Covered sewers
Multi storied brick homes
Streets and alleys |
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| Indus Valley Mother goddes |
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Doll found in nearly every home
She was adorned with a fantastic headdress, some believe she represents the goddess of fertility
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God of fertility
Proto-Siva esque, however the bull which usually accompanies Proto-Siva is absent from the IVC male god |
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| The Aryans were Indo-European tribes were migrated to India from Central Asia in about 2000 B.C. |
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From the sanskrit root "Vid" (to Know)
So Vedas are the Books of knowledge |
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| 4 collections of Sacred Verses |
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| A collection of sacred prayers |
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| A collection of melodious chants |
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| A collection of Sacrificial Formulae |
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| A collection of Mgical Formulae, myths and legends |
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| Books which are appended to the four Vedas and illustrate their function in the religious rituals |
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Books which deal exclusively with the philosophical content of the four vedas.
The Upanisads evaluate the validity of the Vedas/samhitas in terms of describing the structure and function of the cosmos, physical world, society and human beings. |
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Rain god (a God of the atmosphere)
-cheif of the gods
-Zuess like in stature and in that he throws lightening bolts
-Hates and kills Vtra
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The fire god
-twins with indra
-spokesman for the sacfricer |
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The sun god (a god of Heaven)
-all see-er
-expeller of darkness
-varunas bitch
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| Secondary god of dancing and singing |
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The drink of Immortality (a God of earth)
-Indra drinks soma and then kills vtra |
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Gaurdian of RTA (a god of heaven)
-Watches all and inacts punishment |
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| Purusa the primordial man was offered as sacrifice and the cosmos where constructed of his body |
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Priests
teaching
Parusas head |
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Warriors
Protection
Parusas arms |
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Merchants
Economy
Purusas thighs |
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Caretakers
Other jobs
Purusas feet |
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| The origin of the universe (nasadiya hymn) |
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| the state before existence and/or non existence |
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| The three basic powers of "one god"(eternal waters/brahman) are personafied as three gods |
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Creator of the world-BRAHMA
Sustainer of the worl-VISNU
Destroyer of the world- SIVA |
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| the giant snake which signifies the eternal waters |
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| Serpants which signify the link between human beings and the comis waters. Nagas represents waves of ocean whereas ananta represents the ocean itself. |
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| Cosmic floods at the end of Mahayuga |
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| 10 stories in which Visnu comes down to earth to restore rule and Order in the universe |
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| Avatara of the Brahmana-ascetic |
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| the hero of the great epic Ramayana |
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| Avatara of the founder of the religion Buddhism |
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| Avatara of the descent which is going to take place in the future |
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Duty
at the social as well as personal level |
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Four stages in life
1. education
2. life of householder
3. life of forest dweller
4. asceticism
-life of total abandonment of material life and involvment in religious life |
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Most significant primary oral epic of India (similar to the Iliad)
-Composed by Valmiki
-Sloka (sanskrit verse-couplet used in the ramayana) |
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| Divisions of the Ramayana |
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4 parts
A) Ramas life in Ayodhya
-the capital city in northern India
B) Ramas forest life
C) the war in Lanka
D) the aftermath of the war |
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| The ascetic who takes Rama and Laksmana to the forest |
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| The demon killed by Rama and Laksmana( when they go to the forest on Visvamitras request) |
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| the 10 headed demon killed by Rama |
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| Self choice of froom by bride |
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The magical Bow that only Rama could hold
Because rama held it, he was granted permission to marry Sita |
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| Kaikeyis maid who inspires kaikeyi to conspire against Rama |
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| The ascetic who gives his magic arrow to Rama for killing Ravana |
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The fearful and hideous demoness sister of Ravana.
She is a shape shifter who fell in love with Rama and got her nose cut off, so she went and bitched to her brother Ravana |
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| The demon who takes the form of a golden dear |
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| The vulture who tries to save sita but fails, he then tell rama of the kidnapping |
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| The monkey king who is driven away by his brother. Sugrivas brother stole his kingdom and queen bitch, so Rama helps him get them all back and they then becomes homies |
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| Sugrivas Brother who abducts Sugrivas wife |
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| The monkey son of the wind godwho helps Rama retrieve sita |
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| The capital city of the Kingdom of Ravana |
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| Ravanas brother who advises Ravana not to wage war against Rama, he later joins Rama to fight against Ravana |
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| the bridge built by Rama with the help of the monkeys to cross the ocean to Lanka and get his bitch back |
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| Ravanas son who wounds Rama and Laksmana |
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| The pot ear demon, Ravanas brother who sleeps for months |
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| Sita enters Fire trail to prove her chastity |
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