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ASI 320
Feeding exam #2
54
Agriculture
Undergraduate 2
03/05/2011

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Cards

Term
why does the u.s. governement regulate the use of feed additives in animal diets?
Definition
for the safety of human and animal consumption
Term
name the government agencies that regulate feed-additive use in animal diets
Definition

FDA

USDA

EPA

AAFCO

Term
name the 7 elements that must appear on a feed label and explain their significance
Definition

1) quantity

2) product name and purpose

3) guaranteed nutrient analysis

4) ingredient consumption

5) directions for use

6) precautionary statement

7) name and address of the manufacturer

Term
know additional labeling requirements for medicated feeds
Definition

1) "medicated"  must appear

2) label claim/accepted trade name

3) withdrawl statements

Term
know the categories of feed-additive drugs and their significance to human health
Definition

-category 1: low residue, no preharvest withdrawal

-category 2: preharvest withdrawal required, zero tolerance policy

Term
quantity
Definition

-specifies the net weight of a packaged feed product

-sales invoices for bulk feeds muct include a reference to net weight

Term
product name and purpose
Definition

-product names must be clearly displayed on the label

-targeted animal species and class must be specified

Term
guaranteed nutrient analysis
Definition

-crude protein min

-crude fat min

-crude fiber max

-calcium min and max

-phosphorous min

-sodium chloride min and max

Term
ingredient composition
Definition

-identifies all ingredients included in the products, but does not specify portions

-ingredients are usually listed in order of the most abundant to least abundant(not required)

-ingredient names can be either soecific or collective

Term
directions for use
Definition

-specify how the product is to be incorporated into animal diets

-include instructions for feeding and mixing

Term
precautionary statement
Definition

-supplementary information needed to use the product safely

-visual cue to prevent inappropriate use

Term
name and address of manufacturer
Definition
-allows consumers to alert manufacturers of potential problems or to obtain additional information about products
Term
label claim
Definition

-statement or suggestion of anticipated improvements in animal health of performance resulting from product use

-requires FDA approval as a feed-additive drug

Term
understand how animal age, sanitation, and management influence animal response to feed additives
Definition

-mature animals: less responsive

-clean environment: less responsive

-stressful environment: more responsive

Term
describe the use and mode and action of beta agonists
Definition
orally active compounds that repartition nutrients toward lean muscle deposition and away from fat deposition
Term
how do non-ionophore antibiotics work?
Definition
allows animals to be more useful and efficient; decreases antibiotic use
Term
name the classes of feed additives and their general activities
Definition

-antibiotics: ionophore and non-ionophore

-chemotheraputic agents: anthelminthics, coccidiostats, anti-bacterial

-probiotics

-preservatives and antioxidants

-growth promotants

Term
specific functions of feed additives
Definition

-stimulate growth

-improve feed efficiency

-improve animal health

-repartition nutrients toward muscle development

Term
antibiotic
Definition
produced by a living organism to inhibit the growth of another organism
Term
chemotherapeutic agents
Definition
inorganic or organic compound that inhibits the growth of organisms but is not produced by a lving organism
Term
coccidiostats
Definition
used to prevent and treat coccidosis
Term
antihelmentic
Definition
dewormers
Term
probiotics
Definition
organisms produced from specific microbial cultures that flourish in the GIT and 'weed out' harmful organisms
Term
antioxidants
Definition
compounds that prevent rancidity (usually fats or ingredients high in fat)
Term
chemical preservatives
Definition
compounds used to prevent product deterioration (mold inhibitors)
Term
ionophore antibiotics
Definition
synthetic, polyether compounds that destroy gram-positive bacteria in the rumen
Term
describe the effects of heat, moisture, and pressure on the structure and digestibility of starch
Definition

-disrupts protein matrix surrounding starch granules

-disorganizes granules

-increases ruminal starch fermentation

-altered bulk density

Term
describe the process of steam flaking and identify the major components of a steam flaker
Definition
grain → steam chest → rollers → sample → weigh → adjust temperature, pressure, time, gap size
Term
describe how steam flaking influences rate, extent, and site of starch digestion
Definition

-increases energy value of grains

-increases ruminal digestion of starch

-decreases ruminal protein availability

-increaces feed efficiency

-increases growth and milk production

Term
describe the process of pelleting and identify the major components of a pellet mill. describe how pelleting influences diet characteristics
Definition

-steam and pressure alter structure of nutrients in feed

-feed is forced through a die

--reduces feed wastage

--prevents ingredient segregation

--improves flowability

--increases nutrient digestibility

Term
describe the process of extrusion
Definition

-ground material forced through horizontal cylinder using high-pressure auger

-packed into smaller space causing friction

-heat, pressure, and shear alter ingredient stucture

-forced through small die at end of cylinder

-feedstuff expand as they exit the extruder

Term
why are animal feeds processed?
Definition

-improves animal performance

-improves mixing characteristics of diet

-improves feed handling

-simplifies bunk or feeder managment

Term
how does extrusion influence diet characteristics?
Definition

-bulk density decreases dramatically

-feed texture changes dramatically

-used cheifly to produce snack foods, breakfast cereals, floating fish feeds, and pet food

Term
starch gelatinization
Definition
an order-disorder phase transition
Term
describe hammer mills with major strengths
Definition

swinging hammers

-easily produces wide range of particle size

-accomidates a wide variety of ingredients

-lesser initial and maintenance cost

-easy to operate

Term

 

describe hammer mills with major weaknesses

 

Definition

swinging hammers

-less energy efficient

-generates more heat, dust, and noise

-less uniform particle size

Term

 

describe roller mills with major strengths

 

Definition

one or more rollers

-more energy efficient

-greater particle size uniformity

-generates less heat, dust, and noise

Term

describe roller mills with major weaknesses

Definition

one or more rollers

-poor performance with fibrous ingredients

-greater initial and maintenance cost

Term
advantages of finely grinding feedstuffs
Definition

-increased surface area

-greater access by digestive enzymes

-increased nutrient digestibility

-decreased nutrient excretion

-improved feed efficiency

Term
disadvantages of finely grinding feedstuff
Definition

-increased dustiness

-increased power consumption

-increased processing time

-decreased feed flowability

-increased gastric ulcers in pigs

-increased ruminitis, bloat, and acidosis in cattle

Term
how do feed manufacturers prevent residue contamination?
Definition

flush mixer with ground corn

medicated diet → nursery diet → grower diet → sow diet → finisher diet

Term
what is the general order in which feeds should be added to mixer?
Definition

-half the grain

-protein source

-premixes and medications

-half the grain

-mix time starts once everything is in mixer

-never mix a batch less than 33% of mixer

Term
various stratedgies for weaning pigs
Definition

-breaks vertical disease transmission from sow to pig

-isolation from older pigs breaks horizontal disease transmission from pig to pig

Term
effects of early life nutrition on growth, health, and lifetime productivity
Definition
growth during the first week post-weaning drives long-term life performance
Term
what is phase feeding?
Definition

-maximized performance

- reduced cost

-minimized over feeding and under feeding of nutrients

-requires nutrient excretion

Term
what are the distinguishing characteristics of SEW, transition, phase 2, and phase 3 diets?
Definition

-SEW, transition, and phase 2: dried whey, spray dried plasma, spray dried blood meal, fish meal

-phase 3 has no dried whey, spray dried plasma, spray dried blood meal, fish meal

Term
principles of proper feeder adjustment
Definition

-roughly 50% of bottom of feeder should be showing

-indicates balance between feed wastage and access

Term
when do feed prices have the greatest impact on the cost of pork production?
Definition
during finishing stage
Term
under what circumstances is it most beneficial to add fat to finishing diets?
Definition
if you want to increase ADG
Term
what happens to lysine requirement as energy intake increases?
Definition
it increases
Term
when is lysine intake most critical to pig performance?
Definition
220-270 lbs
Term
how does lysine intake affect requirements of other amino acids?
Definition
when lysine increases amino acids must increase
Term
describe the principles for ractopamine use during finishing
Definition

-improved weight gain and feed efficiency

-increased carcass weight

-increased muscularity and percent carcass lean

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