Term
| The majority of states that are deficit for fluid and soft dairy products that must import milk from other states are generally located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the top 5 of all U.S. states for number of dairy cows? |
|
Definition
1) California
2) Wisconsin
3) New York
4) Idaho
5) Pennsylvania |
|
|
Term
| why are dairy farms are generally located close to feed supplies? |
|
Definition
| feed is less expensive when purchased near where it is produced |
|
|
Term
| Which dairy breed is most commonly found in the largest number on U.S. dairy farms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is involuntary culling? |
|
Definition
cows that leave the farm for undesired reasons
-injury
-reproductive failure
-mastitis
-death
-feet and legs
-disease |
|
|
Term
| what is the current trend in the U.S. dairy industry? |
|
Definition
| increase in per capita consumption of dairy products |
|
|
Term
| those states having the greatest milk production per cow generally are located in what region of the U.S.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calculate the %milk fat and %milk protein produced by the Jersey cows in Table 5 (pg 7) |
|
Definition
727/15,898 = 4.57%
573/15,898 = 3.6% |
|
|
Term
| What breed is known for being the highest milk-producing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The national dairy promotion and research board is funded by a mandatory dairy checkoff program. all milk produced by U.S. dairy producers and that imported into the U.S. is assessed at what rate per hundred weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterize the annual commercial disappearance of dairy products during the 10 years between 1996 and 2006 |
|
Definition
| increase in butter, cheese, nonfat dry milk, other products, and in total milk |
|
|
Term
| in comparison which cow is better at producing milk, a younger calf or an older cow? |
|
Definition
| the older the age the better for lactation until about age 4 or 5 |
|
|
Term
| is dairy production important in all 50 states? |
|
Definition
| yes, it ranks 2nd nationally in total farm income behind beef cattle marketings |
|
|
Term
| What helps determine the price of milk? |
|
Definition
-consumption of milk
-quality of milk
-use of milk
-federal support price
-seasonability of supply and demand |
|
|
Term
| In most countries outside of North America, milk production is measured in liters or kilograms (1 liter = 1 kilogram of milk). So a good cow in the U.K. that produces 12,000 kilograms of milk annually, produces how many pounds or gallons of milk respectively? |
|
Definition
12000kg (2.2lb) = 26,400lb
1gal = 8.6lb
26,400lb / 8.6lb = 3,070 gal |
|
|
Term
| What were the most commonly processed dairy products in the U.S. during 2008? |
|
Definition
-cheese and whey
-butter
-fluid milk |
|
|
Term
| The Ayrshire originated from what country? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mailbox price during during September 2009 was largest for dairy producers selling milk from what states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dairy production in Kansas has been increasing during the last several years partly because of increased number of dairy farms in southwestern Kansas. Why has growth occured there? |
|
Definition
-abundant grains and other feeds
-sparse human population
-reasonable land values
-reasonably favorable climate |
|
|
Term
| what does linear evaluation mean? |
|
Definition
| various physical traits of the cow can be scored over a range of values to allow the determination of relationships between type and production |
|
|
Term
| at maturity this cow should weigh at least 1200 lb, in coloring, be cherry red, mahogany, or brown with white, and has ancestors in Europe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors are considered when judging "dairy character" or "dairy strength" in addition to physical evidence of milking ability? |
|
Definition
| ribs, thighs, withers, neck, and skin |
|
|
Term
according to the dairy cow unified score card place the trait descriptions in order (greatest to least):
|
|
Definition
1) udder
2) dairy strength
3) rear feet and legs
4) frame |
|
|
Term
| the two most important traits assessed during first lactation that are related to first-lactation milk yield and longevity of cows |
|
Definition
| dairy character or dairyness and udder depth |
|
|
Term
| if there are 2 cows will the one with a deeper or shallower udder by more likely to produce the most milk |
|
Definition
| the cow with the deeper udder |
|
|
Term
| how does longevity in the herd relate to productivity |
|
Definition
| the cow will be in the herd longer if she is producing milk well and properly |
|
|
Term
| how are type traits related to herd life or longevity |
|
Definition
| ignoring type traits might decrease herd life or longevity |
|
|
Term
| when judging "frame" in addition to judging the skeletal parts of the cow, which factors are considered |
|
Definition
-rump
-stature
-back
-front end
-breed characteristics |
|
|
Term
| which udder trait has the least priority for consideration according to the dairy cow unified score card? |
|
Definition
| udder balance and texture |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important trait to consider when selecting traits of potential sires? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the back of the cow consists of which of the following parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has played an important role in the development of the modern viewpoint of consistent type evaluation? |
|
Definition
| the dairy cow unified score card |
|
|
Term
| dairy cattle are evaluated by 2 basic, but distinct systems: comparative judging and type classification. Which one requires the scoring of type traits of each animal relative to the ideal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this cow has shades of fawn with white markings throughout, should weigh more than 1150 lb at maturity, and was imported to the U.S. in 1831 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this dairy breed may have a white or black switch, may be some shade of fawn with or without white markings, and originates in the Channel islands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emphasis on what in the breeding program should result in increased longevity of dairy cows? |
|
Definition
| classification score and milk yield |
|
|
Term
| in order to be a judge of cattle, what must happen? |
|
Definition
| a thorough knowledge of desirable or ideal conformation of all parts of the dairy cow is essential |
|
|
Term
| practical knowledge of judging functional anatomy of dairy cattle is of importance for what? |
|
Definition
-selecting herd sires
-chooseing replacement heifers
-buying or selling cattle for breeding purposes
-culling |
|
|
Term
| What was the rolling yearly herd average milk production (lb) for the k-state herd on may 27, 2008? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nearly 80% of dairy cattle are inseminated artificially compared with only 5% of beef cattle in the U.S. Because superior genetics are commonly available as a result of wide-spread use of artificial insemination in the dairy industry, the major differences in milk production betweeen low and high milk-yielding herds are the result of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the projected minimum calving interval for cows in their third or greater lactation? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the age of cow #79 when she last calved or freshened? (pg30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the total number of female calves born alive and born dead to heifers (first lactation cows) during the last 12 months? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calving ease information available from the USDA sire summaries that are released every 4 months is important when considering the potential sire mates for what group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what were the two biggest reasons for cows leaving the herd during the last year? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
| reproductive failure and mastitis |
|
|
Term
| how much milk and income were lost during this test period (January 6, 2009) because of high SCC (somatic cell count)? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a kansas holstein cow calved in october (48 months of age), was milked 3x daily, and produced 32,500 lb of milk in 360 days. What is her standardized 305-2x-ME milk record (round to nearest lb)? |
|
Definition
| (32,500 lb milk)(0.87 age)(0.88 305basis)(1.06 month) = 26, 375 |
|
|
Term
| what was the average 305-2x-ME (proj. ME 305 day) protein production (lb) for cows in their first lactation? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on average, what typically happens if higher-producing herds use the DHI testing program? |
|
Definition
they generally have greater income-over-feed costs
|
|
|
Term
| what is the average summit milk (lb) yield (average of the two highest of the first three test days production) for cows in their second lactation? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cow A was milked 2x daily and cow B was milked 3x daily. Cow A produced 28,900 lb in 305 days and cow B produced 34,000 lb. Both calved in June. Which cow has the greatest standardized lactation record (both cows were 3-yr old at calving and are kansas holsteins)? (pg 23-24) |
|
Definition
lb milk age 305basis month
A: (28,900) x (1.00) x (1.00) x (1.15) = 33,235
B: (34,000) x (0.85) x (1.00) x (1.15) = 33,235
cow A = cow B |
|
|
Term
| how many cows are between 41 and 100 days in milk (stage of lactation) and what is their current average daily milk production? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cow currently in milk on the DHI-220 has the greatest income-over-feed-cost (income/feed cost) for lactation-to-date? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was the average number of days dry for all cows in the herd? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the predicted transmitting ability (PTA) can be calculated for evaluating various production and type traits using information from all female relatives of given bull or sire. From which group of female relatives would most of the information come when evaluating a potential sire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
to determine the genetic ability of a cow or bull, non-genetic factors that affect milk yield of all female relatives must be standardized. Which one of the following non-genetic factors if NOT considered in that process?
a) age at calving
b) calving interval
c) month of calving
d) number of times milked per day
e) breed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cows are confirmed pregnant using the DHI-220 report? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many heifers and cows are expected to calve during the month of April? (pg 30-32) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of milking parlors? |
|
Definition
-herringbone
-parallel rapid exit
-rotary or carousel |
|
|
Term
| a balanced ration is one that matches: |
|
Definition
| nutrient content of the feed to the nutrient requirements of the cow |
|
|
Term
| common presentation of feeds to dairy cows, as seen at the dairy teaching and research center, is in the form of: |
|
Definition
| all feeds combined together in total-mixed ration (TMR) |
|
|
Term
| is growth requirement of a lactating dairy cow provided as a proportion of the nutrients required for maintenance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what one essential nutrient if often overlooked and may be limiting during the summer when considering what is provided as sources of nutrients to high-producing lactating cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in planning for a maximum of 100-day storage of manure for 500 lactating Holstein cows, the dairy producer assumed that manure output per cw would be 8% of her body weight per day. The cows averaged 1,450 lbs in body weight. How many tons of manure would accumulate for this herd during 100 days? |
|
Definition
1450lb (.08manure) = 116lb
116lb (500cow) = 58,000lb
58,000lb / 2,000ton = 29ton
29ton (100day) = 2,900 tons/100day |
|
|
Term
| these two general requirements of a lactating cow have priority (i.e., these nutrient requirements must be met before any other cow requirement) over all other requirements in the dairy cow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the best type of housing for newborn dairy calves (least cost too!) that maintains good health and is reasonably priced is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when balancing a ration, before determining the nutrient contents of any feed, one must convert the weight of that feed to what basis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of feed that are low in fiber, high in net energy, and may be high or low in protein? |
|
Definition
-corn grain
-protein supplement
-soybean meal
-milo grain |
|
|
Term
| regular testing of forages (roughages) is highly recommended because of variability in their nutrient content; but of particular concern is their content of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calf facilities should provide for: |
|
Definition
-feeding dry feed and clean water
-good ventilation free from drafts
-feeding liquid feed
-no direct contact with other calves |
|
|
Term
| meeting this requirement of the dairy cow is essential for good rumen and preventing cows from going "off feed" or having displaced abomasum |
|
Definition
| energy (i.e., fiber portion) |
|
|
Term
| calculate the amount of dry matter fed to a cow in which the as-fed diet consisted of 40 lb corn silage (35% DM), 35 lb of alfalfa hay (90% DM), and 25 lb of concentrate (95% DM). |
|
Definition
corn silage 40 lb (35% DM = 14 lb)
alfalfa hay 35 lb (90% DM = 31.5 lb)
concentrate 25 lb (95% DM = 23.75 lb)
14 + 31.5 + 23.75 = 69.25 lb |
|
|
Term
| a group of lactating cows that are 5 years of more in age would have what general nutrient requirements? |
|
Definition
| maintenance and milk production |
|
|
Term
| a ration was calculated to feed 45 lb of dry matter to a group of lactating dairy cows. The ration consisted of 15 lb of DM from corn silage (35% DM), 20 lb of DM from alfalfa hay (88% DM), and 10 lb of DM from concentrate (95% DM). What was the as-fed amount of feed fed to each cow? |
|
Definition
corn silage 15lb: 35% DM → 15/.35 = 42.9
alfalfa hay 20lb: 88% DM → 20/.88 = 22.7
concentrate 10lb: 95% DM → 10/.10 = 10.5
42.9 + 22.7 + 10.5 = 76.1 lb |
|
|
Term
| issues to consider when handling manure waste from dairy cows include: |
|
Definition
-potential water and environmental pollution
-odor
-effects on area fish and wildlife habitats
-accounting for nutrients added to soils |
|
|
Term
| Dairy heifers should be inseminated by what age , so they can calve when they are at least how many years of age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To establish the genetic merit of a young sire in a young sire testing program, whose help is required to provide, gather, and analyze all of the production and type data? |
|
Definition
-dairy producers
-DHIA organizations
-USDA
-Bull studs or semen-producing businesses |
|
|
Term
What are the justifications for using AI in cattle?
|
|
Definition
-disease control
-economic benefits
-safety
-greater sire selection
|
|
|
Term
| Normal duration of estrous cycle in cows and heifers is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are methods of pregnancy diagnosis of cattle? |
|
Definition
-failure to return to heat for the duration of one estrous cycle after A.I.-breeding
-transrectal ultrasonography after 30 days since last A.I.
-palpation after 35-40 days since last A.I.
-high concentrations of milk progesterone in samples collected betweeen 21 and 24 days after last A.I. |
|
|
Term
| when does ovulation generally occur? |
|
Definition
| 24-32 hours after the onset of heat or estrus |
|
|
Term
| a cow was open for 150 days after calving until she conceived and had a dry period of 55 days. How many days was her lactation (assume gestation length eas 280 days) |
|
Definition
150 + 280 + = calving interval
430 - 55 + 375 lactation |
|
|
Term
| semen collected from dairy bulls in bull studs (organizations that sell bovine semen) generally is collected by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false. more profitable dairy cows are those that spend a greater proportion of their herd life in early lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false. blood concentrations of progesterone in dairy cows will decrease to basal concentrations at approximately 19-21 days after estrus unless the cows are pregnant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary justification for the use of AI in the dairy industry is to: |
|
Definition
| extend use of semen from geneticall superior sires |
|
|
Term
| the post-calving period of time set by the dairy producer during which cows are not inseminated, but allowed to undergo normal involution of the repriductive tract and begin their estrous cycles: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| since the early 1920's, the number of dairy cows and milk production per cow in Kansas and the U.S. have: |
|
Definition
| decreased and increased, respectively |
|
|
Term
| see table 3 (pg 48). higher milk-producing dairy herds generally have: |
|
Definition
-more cows
-fewer days to first service
-lower conception rate at first service
-fewer days open |
|
|
Term
| a cow had a calving interval of 505 days and a dry period of 4 days (assume that gestation length is 280 days). How many days was this cow concurrently in milk AND not pregnant (open) during the previous lactation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| duration of calving intervals optimally should be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what statements concerning the young sire testing program are correct? |
|
Definition
-young sires graduate because theit PTA's for milk rank highly (based on greater milk yield of their daughters)
-about 8-10% graduate to be proven sires used in the industry
-young sires that fail to become proven sies are mostly culled for slaughter
-required investment for each proven sire exceeds $100,000 |
|
|
Term
| cows that calve every 13 months are likely more productive and profitable than cows that calve every 16 months because: |
|
Definition
-they produce more calves during their herd life
-they have more periods of "high" milk production (early lactation) in their herd life
-they produce more milk per day of herd life |
|
|
Term
| calving interval (365day) = ? |
|
Definition
days open (83day) + gestation period (282day)
or
lactation (305day) + dry period (60day) |
|
|
Term
| What is part of an effective mastitis control and prevention program? |
|
Definition
-minimize or eliminate the possibility of mammary tissue irritation, infection, or both
-use milking equipment functioning according to manufacturer's specifications
-minimize or eliminate the possibility of injury from hazards in pens, return lanes, etc. |
|
|
Term
Milking speed is determined by the resistance of the teat-end spinchter muscle. Faster milking cows have weaker teat-end spinchter muscles than slower milking cows. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. cows that drip milk before milking are faster milkers and more prone to mastitis
B. post-milking dipping of teats deters microorganism entry through teat ends
C. cows with tighter teat-end spinchter muscles are less prone to mastitis and are slower milkers
D. estremely fast milk out time is highle desireable
E. post-dipping of teats after milking is highly recommended |
|
Definition
| D. estremely fast milk out time is highle desireable |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true during a proper machine-milking procedure?
A. milk flows from the teat during the closed or rest phase
B. atmospheric air flows into the space between the teat cup and its inflation during milk flow from the teat
C. milk flow from the teat occurs when no vacuum is applied during the rest phase
D. constant vacuum at the teat end allows for constant milk flow from the teat
E. during the milking phase, the inflation is open and milk flows from the teat |
|
Definition
E. during the milking phase, the inflation is open and milk flows from the teat |
|
|
Term
| Formation of milk (milk secretions) consists of both synthesis and filtration. What milk components are synthesized or filtrated? |
|
Definition
| synthesized: fat and lactose; Filtrated: water and minerals |
|
|
Term
| what is in the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
-each lobe is composed of many small subdivisions called lobules
-lobules are further subdivided by connective tissue and each has a drainge duct
-lobules contain 150 to 275 individual alveoli
-alveoli consist of hundreds of individual secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| How can streptococcus agalactiae be partly controlled or prevented? |
|
Definition
| by milking-time hygiene, dry cow therapy, and lactation therapy |
|
|
Term
| How can staphylococcus aureus be partly controlled or prevented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How can environmental streptococci be partly controlled or prevented?
|
|
Definition
| keep cow environment clean and dry |
|
|
Term
How can coliform bacteria be partly controlled or prevented?
|
|
Definition
| keep coow environment clean and dry |
|
|
Term
| Indications of mastitis include: |
|
Definition
-presence of white blood cells or leukocytes in milk
-high somatic cell counts in milk
-presence of garget or milk clots in milk
-presence of flakes or chunks in pre-milking hand-stripped streams of milk |
|
|
Term
| Concerning proper cleaning of milking equipment, what is true? |
|
Definition
-resanitizing the system before next use flushes out any contaminants including micro-organisms
-rinsing with cool acidified water helps to remove minerals and removes detergent residues
-rinsing initially with cool water before any cleaning solutions are applied is recommended
-cleaning with hot detergent solutions helps to melt fats |
|
|
Term
| Are milk production losses are directly proportional to the increase in somatic cell counts in milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Production of quality milk includes: |
|
Definition
-clean surroundings
-healthy people milking heathy cows
-well functioning equipment and prompt cooling of milk |
|
|
Term
| Types of major mastitis pathogens that are classified as environmental include: |
|
Definition
-coliform bacteria
-environmental streptococci |
|
|
Term
| ideal milking protocol calls for applying the milking machine within how long of initial teat stimulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What procedures prevent microbial contamination of the mammary gland during the pre- and post-milking process? |
|
Definition
-santizing teat cups before applying them to the next cow and washing teat
-hand-stripping milk from the cows before milking to identify cows with potential mastitis
-predipping
-postdipping |
|
|
Term
| What hormone causes vasoconstriction of small arterioles in the mammary gland, thus limiting the amount of the milk-letdown hormone from reaching its target tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 280 degrees F pasterization's appropriate time to ensure that all disease-causing bacteria are inactivated: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 161 degrees F pasterization's appropriate time to ensure that all disease-causing bacteria are inactivated: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 145 degrees F pasterization's appropriate time to ensure that all disease-causing bacteria are inactivated: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95 degrees F pasterization's appropriate time to ensure that all disease-causing bacteria are inactivated: |
|
Definition
| inadequate temp regaurdless of time |
|
|
Term
| true or false. When dieting results in less caloric intake, greater weight loss will occur, particularly trunk weight, when including dairy products (fluid milk, cheese, and yoghurt) in the diet. |
|
Definition
|
|
