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ASCI Midterm 2
asci
40
Agriculture
Undergraduate 1
05/16/2017

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Vitamin A
Definition
skin, teeth, bones

Found in: eggs, meat
Term
B
Definition
digestion and metabolism

Found in: lean meats, eggs
Term
C
Definition
immune support, healing

Found in: citrus, potatoes
Term
D
Definition
helps absorb calcium

Found in: sunshine
Term
E
Definition
forms red blood cells to carry oxygen, protects against damage

Found in: wheat germ
Term
K
Definition
blood clotting

found in: cabbage
Term
Name the 6 macro minerals and purposes
Definition
1) calcium: bones and teeth: dairy
2)Phosphorous: DNA/RNA: teeth
3)Sodium: blood pressure and volume
4)Chloride: blood pressure and volume
5)sulfur: important for proteins
6) Magnesium: biochemical reactions
Term
Name 6 components to life
Definition
1) Carbohydrates
2)Lipids
3)Proteins
4)Vitamins
5)Minerals
6)Water
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
-Major classes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
-Used for fuel, molecular skeletons, and plant cell walls
Term
Lipids
Definition
-Fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, cholesterol)
-Used for cell/organelle membranes, vitamin storage, hormone synthesis, and fuel (has 2.5x more energy per gram than carbohydrates)
Term
Proteins
Definition
-Essential and non-essential
-Uses: structures (muscle), biochemical processes, and energy (less than carbs and fats)
Term
Vitamins
Definition
-Fat soluble and water soluble
-Used for catalysts in biochemical reactions and many regulatory functions
Term
Minerals
Definition
-Macro and micro minerals
-Used for physical structures and catalysts in biochemical reactions
Water
Term
Water
Definition
-Transport medium, chemical reagent, temperature regulation
-Water intoxication
-Hyponatremia: insufficient salt in blood (headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination and brain swells)
Term
Continuous feeder
Definition
Grazing animals
Term
Discontinuous feeders
Definition
Meal eaters
Term
Adaptations to feeding strategies
Definition
Herbivores have have crowed teeth to ground food

Carnivores have incisors and sharp teeth to kill and punture
Term
Sacculated animals
Definition
Elephant, horse, zebra
New World monkeys
Pig, human
Term
Unsacculated animals
Definition
Panda, dog, cat
Term
Cecal digesters
Definition
Rabbit, rat, mice, capybara
Term
Cellulolytic bacteria
Definition
Fiber digesters, produce cellulose enzymes to digest cellulose,
Term
Amylolytic bacteria
Definition
Starch/sugar digesters, needs higher acidity
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
stimulus causes an opposite output in order to maintain an idea level of whatever is being regulated
Term
8 major endocrine glands and location
Definition
1. Pancreas (abdomen)
2. Hypothalamus (brain)
3. Pituitary (brain)
4. Adrenal
5. Testes
6. Ovaries
7. Thyroid (neck)
8. Pineal gland (brain)
Term
Humoral Stimulus
Definition
capillary blood contains low concentration of Ca 2+ which stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by parathyroid glands.
Term
Neural stimulus
Definition
preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulated adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines (epi and norepi)
Term
Hormonal stimulus
Definition
the hypothalamus secretes hormones that the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
Term
Insulin
Definition
produced by the pancreases, and secreted when the blood sugar is high to signal cells to insert glucose transporters into cell membrane
Term
Glucagon
Definition
secreted by the pancreas with the blood sugar is low, causes the liver to break down glycogen-releasing stored glucose into the blood, stimulates new glucose formation in liver. As blood glucose increases, glucoses by islet alpha-cells decreases
Term
Secretin
Definition
signals pancreas to release bicarbonate secretion (hormones produced by cells lining duodenum in response to acid, lipids, proteins, and amino acid coming from stomach). Communicates with duct cells to neutralize food
Term
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Definition
hormone that signals pancreas to release enzumes (hormones produced by cells lining duodenum in response to acid, lipids, proteins, and amino acids coming from stomach). Talks to acinar cells in the small intestine
Term
CRH
Definition
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Term
ACTH
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Releasing Hormone (ACTH):targets the adrenal cortex, and stimulates secretion of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
Term
Cortisol
Definition
type of steroid hormone for metabolic functions, stimulates gluconeogenesis, stimulates lipolysis, protein catabolism, decreases insulin sensitivity, immune functions, arousal/cognition, body bluid homeostasis, inhibits other body function not necessary for immediate survival
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
secreted from posterior pituitary gland, plays a role in intimacy, social bonding, released during parturition (birth)
Term
Prolactin
Definition
secreted from the anterior pituitary mainly in response to suckling (reflex), enables female mammals to produce milk, plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of immune system, and pancreatic development
Term
Type 1
Definition
pancreas can’t make insulin, childhood onset, only 5% of diabetic population
Term
Type 2
Definition
chronic disease in which people have problems regulating their blood sugar because they don’t produce enough insulin, aren’t responsive to insulin, or both. Most common form (29 million people—9% of population), many risk factors
Term
Name the HPA Axis
Definition
Hypothalamus --> Anterior pituitary (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)--> Adrenal gland (Adrenalcorticotropic hormone)-->stimulates glucocorticoids (cortisol)-->target
Term
Cortisol target organs
Definition
1) Immune functions
2)Arousal & cognition
3)body fluid homeostasis
4) inhibits other body functions not needed for immediate survival
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