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ASBOG STUDY / Field Investigations
Flashcard set for various field investigation methods, results, diagnostics
72
Geology
Undergraduate 4
03/11/2021

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Cards

Term
Large Scale Maps
Definition
Cover a small area.
Good for engineering plans, or detailed site investigations.
Term
Large Scale Maps
Definition
1:1200
1:24,000
Term
Intermediate Scale Maps
Definition
Good for regional planning, land management.
Some detail, but larger area covered.
Term
Intermediate Scale Maps
Definition
1:50,000
1:62,500 (~1mi)
Term
Small Scale Maps
Definition
Cover a very large area, i.e. entire states.
Poor for fine detail.
Term
Small Scale Maps
Definition
1:250,000 (~4mi)
1:500,000 (~8mi)
Term
NAD83
Definition
North American Datum, est. 1986
Term
GPS
Definition
Best used for:
mapping, location determination, ground movement tracking
Term
GIS
Definition
Best used for:
Mapping land use and changes, mapping geology, inventory & resource management
Term
Prior to beginning field investigations, you should:
Definition
Ascertain that your map has the proper magnetic delineation via NOAA.
Term
Once in the field, you should:
Definition
Line up your field map with a linear feature, and using a compass, determine local magnetic declination and orientation.
Term
Remote sensing
Definition
Collection of images using methods not in direct physical contact with the observed.
Term
Stereo-paired low-alt. photography
Definition
Environ. investigations, past site use, possible contaminant sources.
Best for geologic hazards obs.
Term
Stereo-paired low-alt. photography
Definition
Photographs best taken at early/late in the day for shadows.
Term
Stereo-paired low-alt. photography
Definition
Relatively low cost.
Term
High alt. B&W photography
Definition
Lower resolution, but can cover larger area.
Used for mapping topography, soils.
Relatively low cost.
Term
High alt. color infrared photography
Definition
Used for landform survey, vegetation health, environmental pollution and effects of human activity.
Term
High alt. color infrared photography
Definition
Images show stressed vegetation in blues, healthy veg. in red.
Photos w/ higher contrast and better resolution.
Term
Side-looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)
Definition
Oblique radar mapping in areas with cloud coverage. Useful at day or night.
Term
Interferometric Synthetic Aperature Radar (InSAR)
Definition
Used for deformation measuring and hazard monitoring.
Term
Interferometric Synthetic Aperature Radar (InSAR)
Definition
Survey of an area can be accomplished quickly at good resolution.
Term
Landsat
Definition
Maps soils, geology, precip./evap. effects. and humans effect on the environment.
Term
Landsat
Definition
Uniform pricing, open source digital imagery available.
Term
LIDAR
Definition
Used for elv. data collection as field survey alternate.
Term
LIDAR
Definition
Penetrates vegetation.
Used for fault studies and surveys.
Term
SP Logs
Definition
Helps determine/correlate downhole lithologies.
Helps est./confirm bed thicknesses.
Helps determine formation water salinity.
Term
Resistivity Logs
Definition
Helps make lithologic interpretations.
Identify formation water quality.
Locate fresh/salt water boundary in coastal aquifers.
Term
Gamma Ray Logs
Definition
Determine shale content in formation.
Help correlate stratigraphy/lithology.
Evaluate radioactive deposits.
Term
Neutron Logs
Definition
Measuring porosity in petroleum/hydrology investigations.
Term
Caliper Logs
Definition
Measures diameter of the borehole prior to casing.
Measurements help in grout volume calcs., identify underground cavities or unconsolidated strata.
Term
Sonic Logs
Definition
Measures formation transit time to determine porosity.
Correlates units/facies analysis.
Helps in mineral/petroleum exploration.
Term
Shale/Clay
Definition
Low SP
Low R
Term
Shale/Clay
Definition
High Neutron & Gamma count
High Sonic
Term
Sand(stone)
Definition
High SP
Moderate R
Term
Sand(stone)
Definition
Low Neutron & Gamma count
Low Sonic
Term
Limestone
Definition
Low SP
High R
Term
Limestone
Definition
Low Neutron & Gamma count
Low Sonic
Term
Sand(stone) w/ saltwater
Definition
High SP
Low R (depressed from standard sand(stone))
Term
Fresh Water
Definition
Low SP
High R (not as conductive)
Term
Salt Water
Definition
Low-Moderate SP
Low R (very conductive)
Term
Coal
Definition
Low SP
Very High R
Term
Coal
Definition
High Neutron / Low Gamma count
Very High Sonic
Term
Evaporites
Definition
Unreadable, wandering SP
Extremely high R
Term
Shale vs. Sandstone
Definition
Pinched SP/R vs. Bulging SP/R
Term
Shale vs. Limestone
Definition
Pinched SP/R vs. Low SP, R spike
Term
Sand(stone) w/ fresh water
Definition
High SP
High R (not as large as limestone)
Term
Seismic Refraction
Definition
Based on differences in seismic velocities in strata.
Term
Seismic Refraction
Definition
Used by engineering geologists most of the time.
Term
Seismic Refraction
Definition
Used to find subsurface discontinuities, ascertain strength of rock (rippability), examine foundation suitability.
Term
Snell's Law
Definition
Principal of seismic refraction.
Based on velocities of two layers and angles of incidence and refraction.
Term
Ground Penetrating Radar
Definition
Used to detect buried objects, subsurface void spaces, and subsurface materials changes.
Term
Ground Penetrating Radar
Definition
Limited depth use of <30m overall.
Term
Surficial Electrical Resistivity
Definition
Used to measure bulk subsurface resistivity to determine properties and structures.
Term
Surficial Electrical Resistivity
Definition
Great for delineating contaminant plumes, locating buried drums/bulk waste, buried utilities.
Term
Igneous rocks produce strong mag variations.
Definition
Magnetic Survey
Term
Sedimentary rocks w/ minimal variation.
Definition
Magnetic Survey
Term
Induced Polarization & EM
Definition
Most useful tools in mineral exploration.
Term
Induced Polarization (IP)
Definition
Metallic minerals, sulfide deposits, clays, zeolites.
Term
Electromagnetic methods (EM)
Definition
Used to detect highly conductive deposits (massive sulfide deposits)
Term
Direct Current resistivity
Definition
Useful for massive sulfide deposits, acid mine waste, groundwater pathways, sulfide deposit oxidation zones.
Term
Gravity methods
Definition
Great for high density elements/ore deposits (chromite, hematite, barite).
Term
Rippability
Definition
Ease w/ which mechanical excavation of soil/rock is viable.
Term
>9000 ft/sec
Definition
Material is most likely non-rippable
Term
<8500 ft/sec
Definition
Most rippable sedimentary rock.
Term
<7300 ft/sec
Definition
Most crystalline rock (igneous/metamorphic) is rippable.
Term
Flight Auger
Definition
Mechanically driven screw pushed in to the earth; DISTURBED cuttings brought to the surface.
Term
Hollow Stem Auger
Definition
Max depth ~200'
Useful for unconsolidated materials.
Able to sample groundwater.
Term
Shelby Tube
Definition
Pushed down an open hole after auger is pulled out.
Samples wet or dry UNDISTURBED softer soils (clays/silts)
Term
Lithology, Color, Hardness, Texture, Structural features
Definition
Necessary listed characteristics of rock core descriptions.
Term
Inclinometer
Definition
Used to measure inclination of a slope; useful to monitor landslides / slope movement over time.
Term
Piezometer
Definition
Measures in situ pore water pressure in an open standpipe, where water level can be monitored.
Term
Lysimeter
Definition
Used to sample water chemistry in the vadose zone, and measure deep percolation.
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