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As Biology Unit 2
Development, Plants and the Environment
39
Biology
12th Grade
02/26/2015

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Term
What are the two basic types of cells?
Definition
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Term
What make up the Prokaryotae Kingdom?
Definition
Bacteria and cyanobacteria
Term
Name every structure possible in a prokaryotic cell
Definition
-Infolding of cell surface membrane
-Ribosome
-circular DNA
-cell surface membrane
-cell wall
-cytoplasm
-flagellum
-pili
-capsule
-plasmid
Term
What is the purpose of: infolding of cell surface membrane?
Definition
Site of respiration
Term
What is the purpose of: plasmid?
Definition
Small circle of DNA
Term
What is the purpose of: capsule?
Definition
Slimy layer on surface for protection and to prevent dehydration
Term
What is the purpose of: pili?
Definition
Thin, protein tubes allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces
Term
What is the purpose of: flagellum?
Definition
Hollow cylindrical thread-like structure rotates to move the cell
Term
Eukaryotic cells contain...
Definition
Discrete membrane-bound organelles
Term
Name every structure possible in a eukaryotic cell
Definition
-Cell membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Centrioles
-Endoplasmic recticulum
-Ribosomes
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Nucleus
-Nucleolus
-Mitochondria
Term
What is the purpose of: cell membrane?
Definition
To enclose the cells contents and allow the transportion of molecules in and out
Term
What is the purpose of: cytoplasm?
Definition
It is the place where metabolic reactions occur
Term
What is the purpose of: centrioles?
Definition
They form spindle during nuclear division and in transport within the cells cytoplasm
Term
What is the purpose of: endoplasmic recticulum?
Definition
Transport stuff around the cell
Smooth ER contains enzymes
Rough ER contains ribosomes
Term
What is the purpose of: ribosomes?
Definition
The site of protein synthesis
Term
What is the purpose of: golgi apparatus?
Definition
Processes proteins before transporting them
Term
What is the purpose of: lysosomes?
Definition
Contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular waste and turns it into new material
Term
What is the purpose of: nucleus?
Definition
Stores the cells DNA, the DNA in chromosomes contains genes which control the synthesis of proteins
Term
What is the purpose of: nucleolus?
Definition
Creates ribosomes
Term
What is the purpose of: mitochondria?
Definition
Site of respiration (structure=cristae)
Creates ATP energy
Term
What is the name of the two gametes?
Definition
Egg cell and sperm cell
Term
What is found in an egg cell?
Definition
Lysosomes
Cell surface membrane
Jelly coating (zona pellucida)
Follicle cells
Lipid droplets
Cytoplasm
Haploid nucleus
Term
What is found in a sperm cell?
Definition
Haploid nucleus
Acrosome
Mitochondrion
Flagellum
Term
Describe (by each stage) fertilization of an egg and sperm cell
Definition
Sperm reaches ovum
Chemicals released from cells around the ovum cause acrosome reaction
Acrosome swells and fuses sperm with cell surface membrane
Digestive enzymes in acrosome released
Enzymes digest through follicle cell and zona pellicuda
Sperm fuses with membrane
Sperm nucleus enters the ovum
Enzymes released via lysosomes thicken zona pellicuda
Nuclei of cell and sperm fuse
Term
Meiosis creates what?
Definition
Haploid gametes
Term
Meiosis occurs in...
Definition
the ovaries, testes and anthers
Term
Describe the stages of meiosis:
Definition
Chromosomes replicate before division each creating 2 chromatids
Homologous chromosomes pair up and separate
Chromatids separate and gametes are formed with half the original chromosomes
Term
What two processes cause genetic variation?
Definition
Independent assortment
Crossing over
Term
Explain independent assortment
Definition
The arrangement of chromosomes in gametes are random
Term
Explain crossing over
Definition
When chromatids come in contact with each other DNA cross over (chiasm) giving a variation alleles
Term
What are the 5 stages of the cell cycle in order?
Definition
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase; telophase, cytokinesis
Term
What happens during interphase?
Definition
Newly formed cells grow
Cell prepares to divide
Chromosomes are replicated and condensed
Some organelles increase in number
Term
What happens during prophase?
Definition
Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Nucleolus disappears
Spindle forms
Centrioles move to opposite poles
Term
What happens during metaphase?
Definition
Chromosomes (pair of chromatids) line up at the equator
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibres
Fibres attach at the centromere
Term
What happens during anaphase?
Definition
Spindle fibres contract
Fibres pull chromatids apart
Term
What happens during telophase?
Definition
Chromosomes decondense
Nuclear envelope reforms
Nucleolus reappears
Term
What happens during cytokinesis?
Definition
Organelles become equally arranged at opposite sides of cell
Cytoplasm divides
Cell divides to form 2 daughter cells
Term
List the steps of an experiment to view mitosis?
Definition
Cut end of plant root
Add orcein stain
Add acid
Pull apart the root via needles
Place on a microscope slide and squash
Add more stain, warm and place on microscope
Term
Name a stain used in root tip squash experiment:
Definition
Orcein
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